Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Phonetic exercise: infectious [in’fek∫əs], bacteria [bæk’tiəriə], various [‘vεəriəs], strains [streinz], chronic [‘krnik], deficiency [di’fi∫ənsi], through [’θru:]

Make a report on AIDS according to the plan below:

Definition: a disease of the human immune system.

Causess: the human immunodeficiency virus.

Transmission: through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk; through vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids. Epidemiology: AIDS is now a pandemic. In 2010, it was estimated that 33.2 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and that AIDS killed an estimated 2.1 million people, including 330,000 children. Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa.

Treatment and prevention: currently no known cure or vaccine.

Microorganisms Bacteria

Phonetic exercise: microorganisms [maikrəu’o:gənizmz], bacteriology [bæk,tiəri’oləd3i], microbiology [,maikrəubai’oləd3i], pathogenic [,pæθəu’d3enik], beneficial [,beni’fi∫iəl], spheres [‘sfiəz], spirals [‘spaiərəlz], tetanus [‘tetənəs], typhoid [‘taifoid], fever [‘fi:və], diphtheria [dif’θiəriə], ulcer [‘Λlsə], anthrax [‘ænθræks], leprosy [‘leprəsi], plague [pleig], tuberculosis [tju:,bə:kjə’ləusis], antibiotics [,ænti’baiotiks]

Make a report on bacteria according to the plan below:

Definition: a large group of single-celled microorganisms.

The study of bacteria: bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

Discovery: Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design.

The length: a few micrometers. Concentration: 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water.

Groups of bacteria: pathogenic and beneficial.

Shapes of bacteria: spheres, rods and spirals.

Pathogenic bacteria: diseases: tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, foodborne illness, peptic ulcer disease, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, bubonic plague (бубонная чума), respiratory infections, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people a year.

Treatment of bacterial infections: antibiotics.

Beneficial bacteria: production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.

Viruses

Phonetic exercise: viruses [‘vaiərəsiz], viral [‘vaiərəl], influenza [,influ’enzə], flue [flu:], rubella [ru’belə], measles [‘mi:zlz], mumps [mΛmps]

Make a report on viruses according to the plan below:

Definition: a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Number of kinds of viruses: about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail. The study of viruses: virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.

Size: much smaller than bacteria. Diameter of a virus: between 10 and 300 nanometres.

Common viral diseases: influenza (flu), common cold, rubella, measles, mumps, bronchitis, viral pneumonia, viral hepatitis, viral memingitis, tick-borne encephalitis, chicken pox, etc.