Diabetes

Phonetic exercise: endocrine [‘endukrain; ‘endukrin; ‘endukri:n], exocrine [‘eksəukrain; ‘eksəukrin]; control [kən’trəul], insulin [‘insjəlin, ‘insjulin], pancreas [‘pæŋkriəs; ‘pæŋkriæs; ‘pænkriəs], enzymes [‘enzaimz], hormones [’h:məunz], diabetes [,daiə’bi:ti:z], gestational diabetes [,d3es’tei∫nl ,daiə’bi:ti:z], deficiency [di’fi∫ənsi], blurred [blə:d], vision [‘vi3n], nausea [‘n:siə], altered [‘:ltəd], consciousness [‘kn∫əsnis], glucose [‘glu:kəus], hemoglobin [,hi:məu’gləubin], fasting [‘fa:stiŋ]

Make a report on diabetes according to the plan below:

Definition: a condition in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.

Epidemiology: at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population.

Classification:

Type 1 diabetes: also known as insulin dependent diabetes, childhood onset diabetes; results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin.

Type 2 diabetes: also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes, adult onset diabetes; results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.

Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy.

Other forms of diabetes mellitus: congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids,

Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger); changes in the shape of the lenses of the eyes, blurred vision, diabetic ketoacidosis, a state of metabolic dysregulation characterized by the smell of acetone; a rapid, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing; nausea; vomiting and abdominal pain; and an altered states of consciousness; a number of skin rashes known as diabetic dermadromes.

Evaluation: History: a personal medical history, a medication history, a family history, an alcohol consumption history, a social history, an occupational history, a diet history, etc.

Physical examination: observation, percussion, palpation, and auscultation.

Instrumental evaluation: plasma glucose tests; fasting plasma glucose level tests;

hemoglobin tests, etc.

Treatment: difficult to cure; appropriate medications (insulin only in the case of type 1 diabetes mellitus; oral medications in the case of type 2 diabetes, as well as insulin); close dietary management, exercise, control of blood pressure, weight control, weight reduction, diabetic socks and possibly diabetic shoes, etc.

Pancreatitis

Phonetic exercise: pancreas [‘pæŋkriəs; ‘pæŋkriæs; ‘pænkriəs], enzymes [‘enzaimz], hormones [’h:məunz], pancreatitis [,pæŋkriə’taitis], pancreatic [,pæŋkri’ætik], cancer [‘kænsə], acute [ə’kju:t], chronic [‘krnik], steatorrhea [,sti:ətə’riə], respiratory [ri’spirətəri; ri’spairərətəri; ‘respirətəri], hypercalcemia [‘haipə,kæl’si:miə] congenital [kən’d3enətl], ultrasound [‘Λltrəsaund], amylase [‘æmileis], lipase [‘lipeis], imaging [‘imid3iŋ], adequate [‘ædikwət], intravenously [,intrə’vi:nəsli]

Make a report on pancreatitis according to the plan below:

Definition: inflammation of the pancreas.

Classification: two very different forms: acute pancreatitis is sudden while chronic pancreatitis is characterized by recurring or persistent abdominal pain with or without steatorrhea or diabetes mellitus.

Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: severe upper abdominal pain, with radiation through to the back; nausea and vomiting; high or low blood pressure; elevated heart and respiratory rates; abdominal tenderness.

Causes: gallstones in acute pancreatitis; excessive alcohol use in chronic pancreatitis and acute pancreatitis; less common causes: hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia, viral infection (e.g., mumps), trauma (to the abdomen or elsewhere in the body), pancreas divisum, a common congenital malformation of the pancreas, pregnancy, type 2 diabetes, etc.

Evaluation: History: a personal medical history, a medication history, a family history, an alcohol consumption history, a social history, an occupational history, a diet history, etc.

Physical examination: observation, percussion, palpation, and auscultation.

Instrumental evaluation: laboratory tests: measurement of amylase and/or lipase, ultrasound imaging and CT scanning of the abdomen, CT, etc.

Treatment: provision of pain relief; provision of adequate replacement fluids and salts (intravenously); dietary fat restriction; fluoroquinolone with metronidazole, etc.