7. Терміни з префіксом ех-

За допомогою префікса ex- утворюються терміни, що містять семан­тичний компонент "колишній" або "відставний": ex-convict - колишній в'язень, ex-President - екс-президент, колишній президент. Вони звичайно перекладаються похідними термінами з префіксом "екс-" (наприклад, ex-champion — екс-чемпіон) або термінами-словосполученнями, що містять слова "колишній" або "відставний" (наприклад, ex-serviceman - відстав­ний (колишній) військовослужбовець).

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на правильність перекладу слів з префіксом ех-:

1. Many ex-patients were placed in boarding houses and nursing homes (which have now become the largest locations of care for mentally ill people). 2. In self-help groups therapists share the characteristics of their patients. Ex-alcoholics, for example, serve as therapists for alcoholics. 3. The number of ex-prisoners who are rearrested within three years of their release is estimated at about 60 percent. 4. Former Communist party members and ex-convicts are pro­hibited from holding union office until 5 years have elapsed. 5. Finally, some cults generate violence or criminal conduct from members. Violence is frequen­tly directed at nonmembers or ex-members who are labeled as threats to the

72

group's leadership. 6. The initial peace plan, formulated by ex-U.S. secretary of state Cyrus Vance (for the UN) and Great Britain's Lord Owen (for the EU) aimed at preserving Bosnia as a multiethnic state under its Muslim president, Alija Izetbegovic, dividing the country into ten autonomous districts. 7. They favored a rapid Reconstruction that would make few demands on the ex-Confe­derates. 8. The Belgians assumed that Baudoin would remain king of the Congo and that the ex-colony would remain tied economically to the mother country. 9. The speaker of the narrative is ex-lawyer, ex-Parisian Jean-Baptiste Clamen-ce, who owns the bar in Amsterdam that is the site of his examination of and expiation for his sins. 10. Many ex-patients were placed in boarding houses and nursing homes (which have now become the largest locations of care for mental­ly ill people). 11. Finally, some cults generate violence or criminal conduct from members. Violence is frequently directed at nonmembers or ex-members who are labeled as threats to the group's leadership.

8. Терміни з префіксом extra-

За допомогою префікса extra- утворюються прикметники із значен­нями:

1. "поза" (чимсь), "за межами": extraterritorial- екстратериторіаль-ний; extramarginal - такий, що перебуває за межами свідомості; extracurri­cular- позааудиторний; extrasolar- позасонячний

2. "понад": extraexcitation - перезбудження.

В українській мові є формальний відповідник цього префікса - пре­фікс екстра-, але зовсім не завжди англійські терміни з extra- переклада­ються українськими термінами з екстра-. Означені англійські терміни пе­рекладаються переважно наступними способами:

1. термінами з префіксом "поза-": extraterrestrial - позаземний, extra­cellular - позаклітинний, extragalactical - позагалактичний; extracranial - по-зачерепний;

2. термінами з префіксом "екстра-": extralinguistic - екстралінгвістич­ний; extrabold - екстражирний (про шрифт); extrasystole - екстрасистола;

3. досить рідко, термінами з префіксом "інфра-": extra-red - інфра­червоний;

4. термінами, що включають фрази "такий, що виходить за межі", "такий, що перебуває за межами": extra-artistic - такий, що виходить за межі мистецтва; extracorporeal - такий, що перебуває (відбувається) за межами

організму;

5. термінами з префіксом "не-": extraconstitutional - неконституцій­ний; extracanonical - неканонічний; extralegal - неузаконений; extra-regular -неправильний, нерегулярний;

6. досить рідко, термінами, що містіть словосполучення "із зайвим": extrachromosomal - із зайвою хромосомою;

73

7. дуже рідко, термінами з префіксом "до-", "над-" та "за-": extrahisto-rical - доісторичний, extranatural - надприродний, extratropical - затропічний;

8. описово, шляхом розкриття позначеного поняття: extrapunitive-(псих.) схильний звинувачувати всіх, крім себе.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на правильність перекладу термінів з префіксом extra-:

1. Exobiology, study of the conditions necessary to support the indepen­dent development of extraterrestrial life. 2. The most extensive extra-high-vol­tage (EHV) underground cable system at present is the 345 kV network that supplies the New York City area. 3. Some writers propose that an undiscovered species of ape or a last survival of Neanderthal man may explain the sightings; others go so far as to link them with extraterrestrial beings. 4. Such a situation is an incentive for holders of foreign currencies to engage in extralegal currency exchanges rather than to use the less profitable exchanges at official rates. 5. In the whole animal an increase in size can be the result of an increase in cell number, or an increase in cell size, or an increase in the amount of extracellular material, or a combination of all three. 6. In general, extraterritorial jurisdiction is most frequently exercised by consuls and diplomatic agents in specific coun­tries, who, in addition to their ordinary consular duties, are vested with judicial powers. 7. The term "homeostasis" was coined by Walter Cannon in 1926 to refer to the body's capacity to regulate the composition and volume of the blood, and hence all the fluid bathing the cells of the body - the "extracellular fluid". 8. Religion has played a major role in defining sexual ethics; for example, it can influence attitudes to, among other things, birth control, marriage, and extrama­rital sexual activity. 9. Extrasensory perception (ESP) is defined as the ability to acquire information without the use of the senses, and includes telepathy (when the information comes from another person). 10. Such a ship was steered by an extra-large oar slung over one quarter for which the word steerboard was coined - hence the term starboard for the right side of a ship. 11. In video recording the recording heads are mounted in a rotating drum whose motion increases the relative tape-to-head speed without actually driving the tape at extra-high spe­eds. 12. Since the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts in 1965, a number of public and private authorities increasingly have stressed the study of the arts not for their distinctive values but rather for their instrumental uses in attaining a number of extra-aesthetic objectives, both academic and social. 13. Another term of Hymes's, communicative competence, points up the need for linguists to go beyond Chomsky's goal of understanding an individual's abi­lity to create and apprehend sentences and to analyze such extra-sentence-pro-cessing abilities as knowing when to speak and when not to speak, knowing the kind of speech appropriate to different occasions, and knowing how to construct and recognize discourses connecting many sentences, such as extended jokes or directions. 14. The competition to enter a prestigious university is so severe that

74

a large number of juku (extra-hour schools) operate to prepare students for the entrance examination. 15. Astrogeology applies principles of geology, geoche­mistry, and geophysics in the study of extraterrestrial solid matter such as aste­roids, comets, and planets and their satellites. 16. Extravehicular activity (EVA), or spacewalking, poses a special health hazard. The astronaut or cosmonaut must rely on the perfect functioning of a spacesuit and may have to experience chan­ges of atmosphere and pressure between spacecraft cabin and spacesuit that can result in decompression sickness. 17. Extragalactic systems are the enormous assemblages of stars found outside the Milky Way Galaxy. 18. The transient disturbances that occur in the upper-level jet stream are responsible for much of the weather variations in extratropical latitudes.