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10.Memorization of voices by digital processing may use either a wave –form signal or spectral signal to break down the speech into coded elements.
11.The personal-computer market can be divided into four segments: business, home, science and education.
12.The designer could have introduced some changes in the cathode-ray tube to improve the TV-set.
13.The radio-set may have been plugged in the wrong way, therefore there is nothing happening.
14.The new device must have been broken by accident.
15 The operator ought to have known the radio fundamentals better.
16.You should have bought a new transistorized TV set-it is fully portable as it does not depend on the a.c., line as a source of power.
17.Most aspects of the program can be protected by user-defined passwords.
18.Files can easily be updated: you can always change files and new records or delete old ones.
19.With the right database software, you are able to keep track of stock, sales, market trends, orders, invoices and many more details that can make your company successful.
20.Because computers can store and recall information so readily, documents need to be retyped from the scratch just to make corrections or changes.
21.When buying a hard disk you should consider the kinds of drive mechanisms and products available.
22.A third type of hard drive, known as “removable”, allows information to be recorded on cartridges, which can be removed and stored offline for security purposes.
23.When you insert a blank disk into a disk drive, it must be “initialized,” or formatted, before information can be recorded onto it.
24.The computer’s internal architecture is evolving so quickly that the new 64bit processors are able to address 4 billion times more information than a 32-bit system.
25.The programs and data, which pass through the central processor, must be loaded into the main memory (internal memory) in order to be processed.
26.A graphical user interface saves a lot of time: you don’t need to memorize commands in order to execute an application; you only have to point and click so that its content appears on the screen.
г) экономика
1.Must an item be able to fulfill all four functions of money to be classified as money?
2.If money is to fulfill its various functions (especially as a store of wealth and as a means of evaluating future payments), it must retain its value.
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3.Coins had the clear advantage that they did not have to be weighed out each time they were used.
4.Actual cost for a project which is approved and built must be filed within
6months after the pipeline’s successful hydrostatic testing.
5.We have to create the long-term conditions for the involvement of our own Russian investors, involve the public in the process and give Russians, not just foreign investors, the chance to earn some money from our bonds.
6.Too much money in the system can lead to inflation. Too little can result in unemployment.
7.What is money at one time may not be money at some other time, and what is money in one society may not be money in some other society.
8.On the other hand, the culture may not be accepting of a forcing brand, it may have an inappropriate meaning in the target country, or it may be registered in that market.
9.Under these conditions the multinational corporation may have to set up foreign operations alone.
10.In 1869 Stock Exchange Committee had to take measures against the gamblers who at first gathered in Chizhev Coaching Inn and later in the house of Georgian Princess.
11.In order to be hired the trader was to meet certain moral standards and to place a deposit.
12.Traders were obliged to inform quotation commission of all deals completed.
13.Anyone doubting the volatility of financial markets over the past years has only look at the constituent changes in the FT Global 500.
14.A major activity of the banks is to loan funds to businesses and consumers at interest rates higher than the rates they must pay in interest on deposits and other borrowings.
15.Dealers use brokers for speed and because they want to remain anonymous, since the identity of participants may influence short-term quotes.
16.Transactions in the foreign exchange market can be executed on a “spot”, “forward”, or “swap’ basis.
17.Russian holding company Sistema might use 9.71 per cent of its shares in phone company Mobile Telesystems to support the issue of a $350 million international bond, business daily Vedomosti said on Friday.
18.Today’s successful organizations must foster innovation and master the art of change or they will become candidates for extinction.
19.An organization’s employees can be the impetus for innovation and change, or they can be a major stumbling block.
20.Employees in Russia might get excellent theoretical sales skills through training in a Western company, but for lack of application they’ll gradually
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forget them, as in reality they end up having to deal with problems of a completely different nature.
21.If a manufacturer’s catalog is not available in the purchasing department, the company may not get the sale.
22.After reading this chapter you will be able to identify some importing factors affecting the purchase decision.
23.Management must decide at each successive stage whether an idea should be developed further or dropped.
24.Sources of the product ideas can come from outside or inside the firm: customer opinion, competitive response, federal regulation, distribution channel needs, research and development, and/or employee suggestions.
25.The more knowledgeable and sophisticated the buyer, the more knowledgeable and sophisticated the salesperson must be in order to secure the order.
26.Even a modest revival in consumer spending should help business runover. This could even drive companies to hire new staff.
В. Причастие
а) нефтегазопромысловое дело
1.The increase of production, in addition to the role played by favorable oil prices, is largely lie to the efficiency of company work.
2.Good results were reached due to the high level of technical investments made in the course of the year.
3.The administrative system of the company have been strengthened in accordance with the increased need for information and compliance connected with Agip’s status as a company listed on the stock exchange.
4.The “proved reserves” of hydrocarbons represent the estimated quantities of such fluids, which on the basis of evaluations based on well engineering and geological data, indicate with a reasonable certainty that they will be commercially produced in the future from known deposits at the time in question.
5.Appraising the activity in terms of meters drilled, and thus also taking into account the wells in operation during this year, we should note that there is a percentage increase of about 28% compared with the previous year.
6.The total number of wells intended for the development by this oil company is 122.
7.There has been regular progress in the construction of the Ekofisk II structures for optimizing production by 2028, replacing the existing platforms in the area and reducing operating costs.
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8.The possibility is being considered of taking part in the bidding opened by the government of Albania for eight onshore gas-bearing areas covering the entire territory.
9.A close environmental study is a tool for making decisions dealing with the problems of mining in the area, considering the real economic conditions.
10.Monitoring of the groundwater, done with a help of piezometers, has never shown contaminants, which are present in crude oil.
11.Using special methodology it is possible to trace the migration path of hydrocarbons and thus direct future exploration investments with a higher probability of success.
12.The Agip Group intends to pursue a medium-term strategic approach, which, while respecting the essential requirements of economic and financial equilibrium, seeks to have a growing impact on the international market.
13.The Shell Company operating in 23 countries in the area of oil and gas production and exploration is one of the most dynamic and significant companies all over the world.
14.In comparison with mud drilling, rates of penetration are significantly increased, resulting in less drilling time and fewer bits used.
15.Typically wells drilled with dry air systems have fast penetration rates and greater footage per bit than any drilling fluid.
16.The air motor is a motor drilling system combining directional and straight hole drilling capabilities.
17.Gas make being constant, no liquid yield loss was expected during the
cycle.
18.Latin America ranks second only to Asia as the developing region with the best prospects for petrochemicals in the next 5-10 years.
19.Adding still more heat we transform liquid into gas.
20.The error in the calculation having been noticed, the engineers had to verify the results.
21.Sedimentary organic matter, the product of decayed living organisms has a double history, one concerning its biological synthesis, the other concerning its fossil existence.
22.Under the effect of radiation by short wave lengths, certain types of organic matter emit a luminous spectrum, with larger wave lengths extending to a part of the visible spectrum.
23.A marine pipeline loaded by a concentrated load is bent severely at the impact point.
24.Propellant is a combination of an oxidizer and a fuel that burns rapidly when ignited, generating large volumes of high-pressure combustion gases.
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б) гражданское строительство
1.Industrial enterprises are usually very large, cement factories and power plants being good examples.
2.In steel production capacities have been increased and by more than one- and-a-half, thus considerably decreasing building cost.
3.The building materials produced are transported to the construction sites.
4.The building costs largely depend on the material used.
5.Some cement factories are very large, their annual output capacities sometimes exceeding 2.400.00 tons of cement a year.
6.One of the most important requirements when using timber is to see that it is properly dried.
7.Some forms of decorative plastics can provide interesting decorative effects if correctly used.
8.The newly built blocks of flats have all modern conveniences, making our life more and more comfortable.
9.Prefabrication is playing an important part, and many structures are assembled entirely of large-sire nearly finished members and other units prefabricated in highly mechanized, automatically-operated plants
10.Earth moving on a large scale, is carried out by walking excavators having very large bucket capacities.
11.Construction work finished, the cranes are demounted and transported by lorry to a new construction site.
12.A beam is a structural member that is subjected to forces acting perpendicular to it.
13.In modern towns the old houses and backyards have almost disappeared, giving way to new buildings of various heights with all modern conveniences.
14.Cold weather delays the time required for the setting and hardening of concrete.
15.The column being the most important element of the building, a defect in one column may be the cause of failure.
16.Concrete, being a brittle material, has practically no strength in tension.
17.Being widely distributed stone is available as a building material.
18.The equipment provided included a modern installation for airconditioning.
19.Plastics are light and hard, being produced by mixing together a number of gases and liquids.
20.Ceramzite is light, porous artificial gravel made from clay through special processing.
21.It is always good to use two mixers when mixing concrete; a single mixer breaking down during a run can cause serious inconvenience.
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22.Our numerous modern and well-equipped works producing prefabricated reinforced concrete elements are highly mechanized and automated.
23.All the manufacturing is carried out along efficiency.
24.Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by man.
25.Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand and crushed stone, made into a paste with water.
в) информационные технологии
1.There are also systems being developed to translate articles from foreign magazines by computer and to make up the many lists of information that are needed in a modern library.
2.The modern electronic digital computer counts with incredible speed using only two numbers - the one and zero of what mathematicians call the binary system.
3.The graphic computer offers the most flexible means of communication between man and machine yet developed.
4.New types of electronic tools being invented at present make a great contribution to industrial technology and scientific development.
5.The field of application of electronics having considerably grown, we can perform now many industrial processes with unheard accuracy.
6.Much of the work needed is done by one of our laboratories using the computer, described and the automatic high-speed device shown.
7.Computers sort the data received.
8.Using the pocket computer the pilot needs only turn a few dials and he gets the solution in a minute or two.
9.A computer processed the information supplied.
10.When applied to automatic control, computers will permit a vast extension of the control art.
11.Automation having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.
12.Computer graphics are pictures and drawings produced by computers.
13.Having worked as a computer programmer for many years, he knew his specialty very well.
14.The space surrounding a charged body is called an electric current.
15.We speak about conductors being connected in series if the end of one is connected to the beginning of the next.
16.Having been subjected to all necessary tests, the machine was accepted to serial production.
17.Having been used for a long time, the instrument partly lost its former efficiency.
18.18, the results achieved depended on the methods used.
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19.Having discovered the properties of the electron, scientists utilized it for the service of man.
20.Part of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the cell or battery is transformed into electric energy.
21.Having already made remarkable progress, radio and television continue to develop wider application in science, industry and agriculture.
22.Capacity is one of the important properties greatly affecting an electric circuit.
23.Once designed and if designed properly, a relational database is very flexible.
24.Computers are considered as the answer to automatic production with the other problems treated as peripheral in nature.
25.It is well known that computers running under an attractive interface stimulate users to be more creative and produce high quality results, which have a major impact on the general public.
г) экономика
1.Coins made from precious metals were an early improvement introduced by many societies including the Greeks and Romans.
2.Marketing has an increasing impact on the decisions being made not only by buyers and sellers but also by a diverse group including physicians, lawyers, politicians and even the clergy.
3.Technology has solved most production inefficiencies, making the capacity to produce unlimited.
4.When acting as a broker, a securities firm is an agent or an intermediary in a secondary securities transaction.
5.The extracted reserves of the Timano-Pechora oil-and gas-bearing province, embracing the greater part of the republic’s territory, are estimated at
3billion tons of oil (with prospected reserves of more than 6 million tons).
6.According to the managers of several companies investing in Komi, the Komi government shows a surprisingly favourable attitude to all those expressing the desire to invest in various projects.
7.Many company managers are still not fully aware of the role played by the stock market in the development of production.
8.One of the most important sources of funds for the Moscow banks are funds attracted through time and demand deposits.
9.The quality of the goods is in accordance with specification enclosed.
10.Both the broker acting for the seller and the broker acting for the buyer charge their respective client a commission for executing a trade.
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11.Added to these funds are the savings deposits of millions of Canadian individuals, corporations and other bodies, and funds raised through the issuance of certificates of deposits and other securities.
12.The Russian rebound, helped by high oil prices and a devaluation-driven industrial growth, seems almost effortless.
13.The following table shows the position of each of the London banks in August on the day indicated.
14.The sellers refused to reduce the price quoted and the buyers declined the
offer.
15.The buyers agreed to pay the amount of the invoice against the document presented.
16.Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
17.The contract contains a clause providing that all disputes from time to time arising under it should be referring to arbitration.
18.One of the questions faced by a young company developing its first sales force is how much of the distribution job should be done by the company itself.
19.When using the arbitrary determination method, company executives rely on their intuition and past experience to establish the budget.
20.Direct selling provides a better means of communication between manufacturer and buyer, with better rapport being established and market information being obtained.
21.According to psychoanalytic theory, one group of buyers may be motivated by functional concerns while still being driven by symbolic concern.
22.While planning a mass-market strategy, however, you must consider the consumer on an individual basis.
23.Since most of these products are not unique, the ones selected depend on the consumer’s evaluation of the product and its benefits in terms of its ability to satisfy a need compared to other products available.
24.Depending on the cost of the item and the policies of the company, the decision may need upper-level management approval.
25.While becoming part of the final product, component parts enter the finished product without further change in form.
Г. Инфинитив
а) нефтегазопромысловое дело
1.The objective of well control is to prevent additional influx into the well bore without exceeding the fracture pressure of the equipment pressure limits.
2.Markets large enough to absorb a significant share of the natural gas that is already available in southern Africa will be slow to develop.
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3.In October 1992 Exxon Pipeline Co. performed in the Gulf of Mexico what the company believes to have been the first underwater freeze-plug procedure.
4.To form a plug, water in a small section of a pipe is frozen with liquid nitrogen.
5.To determine reserves probabilistic methods use stochastic parameters such as a Monte Carlo simulation.
6.When hydrocarbons are encountered during air drilling, two conditions of the three necessary to create a down hole fire or explosion are present: fuel and oxygen.
7.An attractive possibility in laying down marine pipelines is to construct the pipeline in winter using the sea ice as a stable work platform and cut hole and slots where necessary.
8.Natural fractures are, in a sense, the production pipelines that allow heavy and viscous oil in tight carbonate formations to be produced by artificial lift.
9.Borehole-imaging tools are used to identify natural fractures.
10.Unlike conventional acoustic tools that measure only the first arrival of compression waves, waveform – recording tools allow users to compute arrival times of compressional, shear, and Stoneley waves and to determine relative amplitudes of the different arrivals.
11.Methods used to alter flow distribution are called diversion methods because their purpose is to divert fluid from one portion of the interval to another.
12.The oil fires in Kuwait in 1991 proved to be an excellent testing ground for the abrasive jet cutter, a new cutting technology.
13.To calculate the pressure distribution along the borehole wall, one must solve the equations of mass and momentum conservation simultaneously.
14.The American Petroleum Institute said oil industry workers are less likely to have their health harmed by their jobs than Americans in other likes of work.
15.The official sources said Tokyo was not likely to stop buying Iranian oil, which accounts for almost 10% of Japan’s oil imports.
16.The Peoples Republic of China requires offshore pipelines in its waters to be certified by a recognized agency.
17.The route selected can be seen to deflect to the south of the straight line
route.
18.Current high prices for ethylene are expected to fall away in the second half of this year.
19.New computer technology and past experience now enable platforms for 500-1300 ft of water to be designed in a few months.
20.The pressure-measuring device is expected to come into wide application.
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21.Today, some Artic projects appear to be economically and technically feasible and are receiving renewed interest in both the North American and Russian Artic.
22.Ice gouging and construction remain difficult questions for Artic pipeline construction. The other problems are either unlikely to be significant or can be solved in a routine way.
23.Extended – reach and horizontal drilling can be expected to have an enormous affect on Artic offshore development.
24.Thermal recovery is believed to be the only viable recovery process for the upper and lower dolomites.
25.The upper and lower dolomites are estimated to hold 85% of the oil in peace for the Issaran field in Egypt.
26.The cable method is now considered outdated technology.
27.Cable cutting can cause the casing to become oval, further hindering the capping operation.
б) гражданское строительство
1.In the design of a steel structure it is first necessary to decide the type of floor to be used to carry the loading.
2.The size and type of building, the material available, and economic considerations will determine the type of structure to be adopted.
3.The Egyptians seem to have made some use of iron a number of centuries before our era.
4.Contemporary architecture calls for a more careful study to be made of facing materials.
5.Some civil engineers consider prefabrication to be the main factor in industrialized building.
6.As for the speed of construction the new method proved to be satisfactory.
7.The layout of the factory will depend largely on the type of product to be manufactured.
8.Marble is known to be used for facing concrete or brick.
9.Water supply is likely to be interrupted by accidents.
10.Helicopters are likely to win an important place on inaccessible building and constructional sites.
11.Water is known to bring about the chemical changes, which transform the materials from a mixture of stones and fine cement powder to a hard and homogeneous mass of concrete.
12.The greatest advantage which plastics are expected to give the world is that they will make the people no longer depended upon nature for their materials.