rybina_ea_i_dr_angliiskii_iazyk_dlia_magistrov_i_aspirantov

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by Gokhran from the producers this year is more than 30 tonnes. Last year's gold purchases by Gokhran came to 26 tonnes.

This year's gold output will be up 10%, to 150 tonnes or so, Rudakov has predicted. To date, commercial banks have reportedly signed contracts with gold producers for the delivery of 135 tonnes of the metal. However, current legislation compels the banks to assign a portion of their gold purchase obligations to Gokhran. The reason is that banks have to pay a five percent customs duty on their gold bullion exports, and so they accordingly understate the prices of their gold purchases from the producers.

Because Gokhran pays no export duty, the producers are glad to sell their surplus gold to it. According to analysts, by being more active on the gold market Gokhran could reduce the amount of gold that commercial banks sell to the Central Bank. But they say this is unlikely to bring about a major repartitioning of the market.

Moscow News № 30, 2001

Pushkin on Nevsky Prospekt

The Russian Museum sends

to Moscow a 15 meter long watercolor, "The Nevsky Prospekt Panorama"

By Ilya Garin

Moscow News

This painting by Vasily Sadovnikov (1800 — 1879), along with the artist's other pieces, is on display in the Pushkin Memorial Museum on Prechistenka Street. The name of the artist came up last year, when his bicentenary was being marked, and the Russian Museum mounted an exhibit of his works as part of the "I Love Thee, Czar Peter's Creation" project dedicated to the 300th birthday of St. Petersburg. Some of the works can now be seen in Moscow, together with Sadovnikov water-colors owned by the Pushkin Museum. The artist specialized in landscape and interior drawings on an almost craftsman-like, applied level. Obviously, the caliber of Sadovnikov's talent is rather more modest than in the case of high art masters, but without him the picture of 19th-century art life would be incomplete.

Sadovnikov was a serf of Princess Golitsyn, an inspiration for Pushkin's old countess in "Queen of Spades." He remained in bondage even at the height of his fame, and was not set free until the death of the princess.

"Nevsky Prospekt" was printed by publisher Prevost and became a commercial success of the mid-1830s. Two sections of the panorama showed a shady and a sunlit side of the thoroughfare from Palace Square to the Anichkov Bridge. Sadovnikov scrupulously drew every single house there, including

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those under construction and still in blueprints, and enlivened the scene by putting in members of various estates. The Northern Bee newspaper wrote: "This is the best likeness of our handsome Nevsky Prospekt. We recognize many a lady and swell here." One of the readily identifiable figures is the poet Alexander Pushkin. His representation has been magnified with a lens for the benefit of show visitors.

Among the pieces on display are numerous views of St. Petersburg and its environs. The works were commissioned by the Imperial Court and various great nobles. The pictures were treated with reverence: It was not enough to have a splendid house built, one had to see it painted. Sadovnikov's watercolors hung in the very halls he depicted, as a land of quality certificate. In 1853 and 1854, the artist did a set of water-colors. showing the living quarters and formal halls of Yusupov's Palace by the Moika River, and when in the late 1850s all those interiors had been redecorated in keeping with the latest fashion, Sadovnikov's watercolors became unique historical documents.

Moscow News № 40, 2001

Nesquik for a Snack

By Vladimir Motorin

Vremya WIN

Nesquik chocolate milk shake will appear in Moscow shops in March, to be produced by the Ostankino Dairy till November of this year under a licensing agreement signed with the trademark's owner, Nestle. Production will be financed by Ostankino, not Nestle.

The European firm would not disclose how it persuaded the Moscowbased dairy to invest in a new production line, citing commercial secrecy. But Ostankino has confirmed that it would participate in the project and pour $1 million into the construction of a new shop and the installation of Tetra Pak equipment. Under the agreement signed, Nestle would only provide the Russian dairy with the ingredients for making the chocolate-flavored beverage and monitor its quality.

Potential competitors are skeptical about Nesquik advertised as a popular snack. Russian beverage giant Wimm-Bill-Dann pointed out that a one-liter carton of Nesquik will cost no less than 30 rubles [$1.1].

Says Yulia Belova, director of Wimm-Bill-Dann's public relations department: "Such a product is unlikely to become a popular drink. As competitors, they don't worry us in the least because our Chudo moloko (Wonder Milk) and their Nesquik are in different price categories."

But then, Nestle is reportedly aiming at gaining a foothold on Moscow's dairy products market, and a modest start in this direction should not fool

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anyone. Besides, that company already has some experience of work with Russian dairies. Nestle made a big investment in Russia in June 1996, when it bought the controlling share package in the Zhukovsky Ice Cream Factory (located outside Moscow) and invested in new equipment for it And two years later, in June 1998, Nestle bought the controlling interest in AO Khladoprodukt, located in the town of Timashevsk, Krasnodar Territory.

Before signing the contract with the Ostankino Dairy, Nestle had talked with and evaluated almost all Moscow dairies. It wouldn't have gone to all that trouble if all it wanted was a co-investor who would come forward with $1 million.

Moscow News № 7, 2001

Long-awaited Accords Between Two Space Powers

It's high time Russia and Ukraine teamed up to cash in on their aerospace potential

By Sergei Putilov Vremya MN

News that the Russian and Ukrainian residents agreed in Dnepropetrovsk to integrate their countries' aerospace sec-ors has been heartily welcomed by captains of the Russian aerospace industry is cooperation in this field promises the two countries no less than $6 billion apiece in annual profits.

These gains will be die result of an increase in the two countries' share on he world market for commercial space launches. By cooperating in aerospace, hey can also derive greater profit from he realization of the international Sea start project, and from the new genera-ion aircraft they will jointly develop and manufacture.

Asked to comment on die results of die Russian president's Dnepropetrovsk meeting, Russia's aerospace agency Rosaviakosmos in an interview with Vremya said: 'Moscow and Kiev have at long last realized that it's far better to be friends than to divide their assets [inherited from So-riet times], thereby losing die status of a space power. The abolition of customs duties on the annual $2 billion worth of space technology-related exports [to Ukraine] will bring down the cost of our carrier rockets by nearly one-quarter."

The abolition of diose duties will automatically cut die cost of launching satellites into space by Russian-Ukrainian rockets. This will consequently strengthen die two countries' positions in that highly lucrative market. Formerly, the tax treatment of components Russia supplied to Ukraine for assembling Zenit carrier rockets undermined the very foundation of RussianUkrainian cooperation in aerospace. Meanwhile, Zenit rockets are to be used in the future not only for launching satellites from Russian cosmodromes, but also for launches from floating sea platforms built under die promising Sea Start

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project. The lower cost of a Russian-Ukrainian rocket will enable die two countries to earn up to $200 million apiece on die launching of each satellite. But these cash gains will not be the sole result of the bilateral accords reached. Under the START II Treaty, Russia is removing 150 RS-18 strategic missiles from its nuclear arsenal. This move will entail no loss for Russia. On the contrary, it will bring colossal profit because under the Russian-Ukrainian Dnieper Project, the missiles will be converted into peaceful carrier rockets.

The treaties signed by die two presidents in Dnepropetrovsk will also have a positive impact on the two countries' cooperation in developing modernday aircraft. Despite the recent crash of an experimental prototype of die An-70 transport plane built jointly by Russia and Ukraine, it was agreed in Dnepropetrovsk that the new-generation transport plane must be brought to final form and its manufacture started as soon as possible. At least 1,500 An70s are expected to be sold on the domestic and external markets. Under previously signed intergovernmental agreements, die two countries are continuing joint work on die construction of their latest passenger planes, the An-140 and the Tupolev 334.

Moscow News № 8, 2001

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Раздел 4 Подготовка к устной части кандидатского экзамена

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

From the History of the Origin of Science

Science had its origin in some distant era when people began to show desire to know about their environment and to record what they saw. In time, studies of these observations led to the idea that nature is knowable, that is operates according to ‘laws’.

The actual birth of science took place in prehistoric times, probably in Egypt and Babylonia, more than 2,000 years before our era.

But true progress in science did not begin until about the sixth century before our era, when Greek civilization began to flourish. The next 500 years was the age of the great philosophers of antiquity – Thales, Pythagoras, Aristotle, Archimedes, and others.

Archimedes discovered some of the basic laws governing mechanisms and floating bodies. To Archimedes we owe the first application of mathematics to the description of nature. He was very far in advance of his time.

In the period from the Greeks to the Renaissance few contributions were made to the development of science. First in importance among the scientific achievements of the Renaissance was the idea that the sun, rather than the earth, is the centre of our system of sun, moon, and planets. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the prevailing idea was that of an earth-centered universe, as described by Ptolemy.

The Polish astronomer N. Copernicus assumed that the earth is merely one of the planets and that all of them moved about the sun. It is hard now to understand the courage required to advance an idea of this nature because of the great wave of opposition, which confronted Copernicus.

2. Прочитайте текст и назовите имена учёных и их достижения из Вашей научной сферы деятельности.

How Science Grew in Russia

Russian scientists have always made great contribution to world science. Peter I established the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences as early as 1725. There the brilliant scientist Lomonosov worked in the fields of physics, chemistry, and astronomy and laid the foundation of the Russian literary language.

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хочу внести свой вклад в развитие науки. 4. Аспираты нашего университета работают в различных областях науки. 5. Этот молодой учёный занимался в аспирантуре нашего университета. 6. Доклад этого аспиранта очень важен. 7. Я не хочу бросать работу и, поэтому, буду поступать в заочную аспирантуру. 8. Все студенты нашей группы занимаются исследовательской работой и много выступают с докладами на научных конференциях. 9. Профессора университета уделяют особое внимание работе студенческого научного общества. 10. После окончания исследовательской работы аспиранты защищают диссертации и получают научную степень.

б) Профессор Н. читает курс истории России на нашем факультете. Он занимается научной работой и публикует статьи в ведущих журналах. Он знает два языка: он свободно говорит и читает на английском и немецком языках. В настоящее время профессор учит французский язык. Он учит его уже несколько месяцев. Он собирается принять участие в научной конференции во Франции и опубликовать там свою статью.

6. Дополните предложения следующими глаголами в соответствующих формах:

a) take, study, learn, speak, read, translate, revise

I … a post-graduate course at the university. I …here since November. I … English since school. I … English fairly well. I like … and … articles from English and American journals. Now we … the English tenses. We … them for two weeks.

b) enter, finish (×2), write, work, publish (×2)

My friend … the post-graduate course two years ago. Peter … the first chapter of his thesis and now he … the second one. He … on his thesis for a year. I think he … it by the end of the next year. Usually a post-graduate student must … two or three articles before presenting his thesis. Peter … already two articles this year.

7. Прочитайте диалог и расскажите об участниках конференции.

Scientists from different countries representing various sciences have come to attend the conference on “Science and Global Security Problems”. We can hear fragments of a talk and an exchange of news between old friends, as well as spontaneous introductions of those who are less fortunate.

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Laura: Hallo, James. Glad to see you again.

James: Hallo Laura! Happy to see you. You are looking as charming as ever. Laura: Thanks. Meet Robert Roy, a geologist from Illinois. He has written a paper on the role of soils in prospecting for oil.

James: How do you do, Mr. Roy. Happy to meet you!

Robert: How do you do. It’s pleasure. James: What’s your mission here?

Robert: I’m to give a talk on environmental pollution as a result of nuclear tests. This is my friend and colleague, Dr. Ronald Onyx. He works at the laboratory of radioelectronics at Oxford.

Ronald: Good morning, everybody.

James: Good morning. Dr. Onyx, are going to give a paper at the conference? Ronald: Yes, I’m a contributing participant.

James: What are going to talk about?

Ronald: I haven’t decided yet what field to choose.

Susan: Excuse my interrupting you. I’m Susan Dewston, a chemist from

Houston.

All: Glad to meet you.

Ronald: I believe I’ve heard your name before, but I can’t place it. What’s your field of investigation?

Susan: I’m a chemist at a city perfumery. Also I write reviews for the ‘Chemical News”.

Ronald: Oh, I’ve got it. I heard your name from my friend Rosy Snow. She is a well-known sociologist from Rome. Her goal is to study global sociological problems on the whole, including those of lonely hearts. She is a nice person. Here she is. This is Rosy Snow, a sociologist from Rome.

All: Hallo, Rosy. Pleased to meet you.

Rosy: Glad to see everybody. Romans used to say: “All roads lead to Rome.” Now we should say: “All roads lead to peace.” That’s why I’m here. I’d like you to meet my friend, Clyde Brian. He is a young psychiatrist from Brighton. He is very bright, has an inquisitive mind and is highly competent in his field. Clyde, are going to speak on after-effect of nuclear tests on psychics?

Clyde: Right. To begin with…

Radio Announcement: Attention! Attention! Participants of the conference are invited to proceed to the Conference Hall. The session starts in five minutes

8. Прочитайте диалог и укажите, какие вопросы обсуждаются, выскажите своё мнение.

Is It Worth Doing Science?

James: Hallo, Laura. I’m sorry to be late for the morning session; I’ve missed the bus and had to go there by taxi.

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Laura: Take it easy. There’s nothing to worry about. You didn’t miss much. James: What’s on the agenda?

Laura: During the morning session only two papers were given.

James: Aha! I’ve missed two. What was the subject?

Laura: The first paper was “Methods of Science and Scientific Methods’. It was followed by the second one “The Layman and his Attitude to Science.”

James: Did you find them interesting?

Laura: Both papers were presented in a rather peculiar way. The first speaker followed the classical principle “stand up, speak up, shut up”. A number of slides were shown and even some jokes were told.

James: What about the second one?

Laura: As to the second paper, the subject was a bit boring, the presentation monotonous, and the translation poor.

James: Have taken any notes?

Laura: I’m looking through them right now and I can’t help feeling frustrated. On the one hand, according to the speaker, there’s an ever growing number of scientists in every branch of knowledge. On the other hand, not every researcher qualifies for an academic degree.

James: Obviously female researchers are meant here. They got married too soon and give up science.

Laura: You’re being unfair.

James: Actually making a decision on one’s career is not easy. Every

University graduate is faced with it. If one intends becoming a scientist, before making the final decision he’s advised to weigh all the pros and cons, lest he should regret taking the step later.

Laura: And when you’ve made up your mind, if you’re sure that you’re capable of doing science, if you’re interested in research, stick to the strategy: (1) collect information, (2) put forward a hypothesis, (3) make experiments, (4) confirm your theory with experimental data, and (5) submit your thesis to the Academic Board.

James: Still many people don’t enjoy sacrificing their personal life for science.

Research will prevent them from visiting friends, going out, playing with their kids.

Laura: I think you’re exaggerating.

9. Прочитайте диалог и перескажите его.

Sam: Congratulations, David! Your paper has made a great hit! You must have done a lot of work.

David: Thank you. You couldn’t make a better compliment.

Sam: It’s not a compliment, I mean it. I didn’t know you regularly visited Houston. Next time you go there on business you ought to inform me

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beforehand or at least give me a call when you get into a town and we’ll get together.

David: Fine. I’ll do that with pleasure. And now the bus is waiting outside. Let’s get going!

10. Составьте диалог по следующей ситуации:

Yesterday I met one of the students of our course. I asked him what he was doing. He answered he was fooling a post-graduate course. I asked him when he had begun studying and who was his scientific supervisor. He said he had been a post-graduate for a year and his scientific supervisor was the head of the department. I was interested to know if he had passed any examination and whether he had published any articles on the subject of his thesis. He answered that one of his articles had already been published, two more would have been published by the end of the year. He added that he had already passed two exams, language and philosophy.

11. Ознакомьтесь с вопросами к кандидатскому экзамену и предлагаемым рассказом о научной работе аспиранта, затем ответьте на них сами, используя активный словарь этого раздела.