rybina_ea_i_dr_angliiskii_iazyk_dlia_magistrov_i_aspirantov

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Unit 6

Упражнение 1. Прочтите, переведите и кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

NEW TYPE OF FUEL

A new technology has been developed in Russia, which may ensure cheap energy supplies and save expensive oil and gas.

Millions of tons of coal sludge lying near mines, collieries and plants may be used as an element of a new type of fuel. Special chemical elements turn water and pounded coal into a substance, which can be stored in tanks, pumped through pipelines and transported in tank wagons.

Liquid coal may save power engineering and coal industry by replacing expensive black oil and natural gas. One ton of liquid coal is three times cheaper than one ton of black oil.

Last autumn liquid coal was for the first time used in the hearth of an agglomeration machine. Engineers have also prepared a programmer for using this fuel in blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, boiler houses and generator plants.

Liquid coal may replace expensive natural gas at the power plants in Russia and increase export without damage to the domestic energy supply. Engineers have also prepared a programmer for using this fuel in blast furnaces, openhearth furnaces, boiler houses and generator plants

Упражнение 2. Поставьте вопросы ко всем членам предложения.

1.Liquid coal may save power engineering and coal industry by replacing expensive black oil and natural gas.

2.Last autumn liquid coal was for the first time used in the hearth of an agglomeration machine.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в предложении Participle I и Participle II,

определите их функции. Переведите предложения.

1.Millions of tons of coal sludge lying near mines, collieries and plants may be used as an element of a new type of fuel.

2.Liquid coal may save power engineering and coal industry by replacing expensive black oil and natural gas.

3.Special chemical elements turn water and pounded coal into a substance, which can be stored in tanks, pumped through pipelines and transported in tank wagons.

4.Engineers have also prepared a programmer for using this fuel in blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, boiler houses and generator plants.

5.Engineers have also prepared a programmer for using this fuel in blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, boiler houses and generator plants.

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Unit 7

Грамматика: 1. Времена группы Perfect Active and Passive.

2. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, и отрицательное местоимение no и их производные.

Времена группы Perfect

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на время в котором стоит сказуемое.

1.People have long used the energy of the winds.

2.The development of science and technology has considerably widened the possibilities of astronomical research.

3.An important discovery was made after radio waves had been received from the planet.

4.A little more than 2 tons of gold has been mined since the discovery of placer deposits in the republic.

5.Geological exploration and mining have been carried out in some sites for years and even decades.

Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение no и их производные

Some, somebody, someone, something

Any, anybody, anyone, anything

No, nobody, no one, nothing

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения и их производные.

1.In Antarctica any country can conduct scientific research there without restriction with the exception of research that might be of military nature.

2.A plain is a flat or gently rolling area which has some changes in elevation.

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3.Any product of natural reactions with a more or less definite chemical composition and uniform structure is termed a mineral.

4.Mining accidents could no doubt be reduced with better safety precautions.

Unit 8

Упражнение 1. Прочтите, переведите и кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

A WAY TO EXTRACT SEA SHELF GOLD AND PRECIOUS STONES The Russian EKO-ATOM Company has devised a way to get to the

surface sea shelf gold and precious stones, including diamonds.

Company General Director Veniamin Skvirsky says a nuclear-powered dragnet does the prospecting, which makes it much easier to find gold sand and kimberlite pipes. If a newly found gold or diamond field looks promising, a nuclear-powered submarine is sent to develop it. The submarine has aboard a small ore-enrichment factory which processes about 1000 tones of sand per hour. The EKO-ATOM gold and precious stone project requires a few dozen million to several hundred million dollars in capital investment which pays back, if the diamond field is good, in about three weeks.

De Biers experience in the development of an Orange River diamond field compares unfavorably with EKO-Adams’s plans. As many as 32 vessels were committed to action in the Orange River project and storms reduced the extraction period to a mere 40 days a year. It is practically all year round that the nuclearpowered EKO-ATOM dragnet and submarine can be developing sea shelf gold and precious stone deposits.

Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски в предложениях местоимениями some и any.

1.The Russian EKO-ATOM Company has devised ….. way to get to the surface sea shelf gold and precious stones, including diamonds.

2.Are there ….. ways to extract sea shelf gold and precious stones?

3.….. way to extract sea shelf gold and precious stones is of great importance for ….. companies.

4.There are ….. companies engaged in the extraction of sea shelf gold.

5.The Russian EKO-ATOM Company has already extracted sea shelf gold for ….. years.

Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, используя времена группы Perfect. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму.

1.The Russian EKO-ATOM Company (to invent) nuclear-powered dragnet to prospect the sea shelf.

2.By 2025 a great progress (to make) in extracting the sea shelf gold.

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3.By 1999 some enterprises (to have) different ways for the sea shelf extracting, but they weren’t as efficient as nowadays.

4.The Russian EKO-ATOM Company (to extract) already sea shelf gold for some years.

5.Gold and various precious stones (to be) of great economic interest since early ages.

Unit 9

Грамматика: 1. Причастие I, II (Participle I, Participle II )

2. Независимый причастный оборот.

Причастие

Упражнение 1.

а) Oбразуйте Participle I (Indefinite Active) от следующих глаголов и переведите их на русский язык.

To work, to go, to help, to start, to affect, to involve,originate, to begin, to correspond, to embrace, to exceed, to produce, to increse, to discover, to develop.

в) Oбразуйте Participle II (Indefinite Active) от следующих глаголов и переведите их на русский язык.

To cover, to form, to reveal, to occur, to indicate,to reflect, to alter,to accompany, to control, to stop, to interrupt, to know, to give.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие.

1.Solar energy is energy produced by the Sun.

2.We know the important part which green vegetation plays in carbon circulation by decomposing carbon dioxide and giving off oxygen.

3.Aluminium is an important constituent of practically all common rocks, clay and various soils as a mineral known as bauxite.

4.The massive increase in public concern for protection of the environment has given a new prominence to the recycling industry.

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5. The induced increase in outputs from wells didn’t harm conditions of exploration.

Независимый причастный оборот

(Absolute Participle Construction)

Упражнение 3. Выделите независимый причастный оборот, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.under 2000, there being little ground for assuming that the number will greatly increase in the future.

2.After Newton’s discovering the law of universal gravitation, many people became interested in mathematics.

3.The new fields having been developed, production in the basin began to increase sharply.

4.The research work having been completed, the results were published in the journal.

5.The assembly of the machine having been completed, they started operating

it.

Unit 10

Упражнение 1. Прочтите, переведите и кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

THE USE OF RESOURCES

Natural resources. Resources help people satisfy their needs and wants. Natural resources - a naturally occurring material that can be used to produce goods and services - occur as part of tin-environment and are an important part of an area’s characteristics. Renewable resources can be used over and over again, but scarce and nonrenewable resources must be conserved or recycled for use by future generations.

Earth is a planet rich in the materials necessary to support life. People can live only by making use of the earth’s natural resources. Resources include not only minerals, soil, water, forests, and wildlife, but also air and the energy of the sun when people know how to make use of them. People convert the things

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that nature provides into useful machines, tools, and foods. Even the most desolate and isolated areas of the world contain at least some resources, or materials that people use to meet basic needs and wants.

As people use natural resources, they change the natural landscape. Changes in the landscape brought about by mining and farming illustrate this idea. Yet the use of natural resources also brings about changes in the cultural landscape. Centuries ago the Romans built stone aqueducts to carry water to many parts of the Roman Empire. For some people, this made Water readily available for the first time. Today vehicles use highways, canals, and airways to speed the movement of valuable resources throughout the world.

Not all people in the world use natural resources in the same way. Factors that affect the use of natural resources include cultural differences, technological change, economic factors, and geopolitics.

Economic factors also play an important part in the way people use natural resources. Scarcity and rising prices have always led people to seek cheaper substitutes for costly resources. In colonial days, for example, people burned whale oil for lighting. As demand for whale oil rose, more and more whales were hunted. Eventually over hunting made whales harder to find and prices rose. People then looked for cheaper substitutes. In time they found a way to make kerosene from petroleum. Because kerosene cost less than whale oil, it quickly replaced whale oil as a lighting fuel.

Another factor that affects the use of natural resources is geopolitics - the relationship between geography and political policy. The international trade of scarce minerals provides an example of the importance of geopolitics in today’s world.

Most mineral deposits are unevenly distributed across the earth. This uneven distribution has resulted in increased world trade as countries lacking certain mineral resources buy what they need from other countries. Depending on the circumstances, a price increase or interruption in supply could result in great changes till the country importing the mineral. Geopolitics is becoming an increasingly important force in the world today.

Упражнение 2. Answer the following questions.

1.How can the use of natural resources change (a) the natural landscape and (b) the cultural landscape?

2.What different factors affect the value and use of natural re sources?

3.Why are natural resources important?

4.How did technological advances and economic factors change the way

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Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, используя времена группы Continuous Active. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму.

1.Geopolitics (to become) an increasingly important force in the world today.

2.In colonial days people (to seek) cheaper substitutes for costly resources.

3.The cost of the natural resources (to increase) greatly nowadays.

4.The enormous changes in number of scarce and nonrenewable resources (to come) in some years.

5.An irreparable injury was made while people (to hunt) the whales.

Unit 11

Грамматика: Герундий (Gerund). Формы герундия.

Gerund

Образование: основа глагола + ing - reading

Формы герундия

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

1.The specialists were proud of having been offered to do such experiments.

2.By using forest products intelligently and planning ahead, we can ensure that forests will be here for future generations.

3.Years of dumping chemicals, untreated sewage and heated water into water bodies have weakened water’s ability to clean itself and to support life.

4.Oil, which is lighter than water and will not mix readily with water, make room for itself by pushing the water down.

5.Recycling is an important means of reducing dependence on finite natural resources.

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Unit 12

Упражнение 1. Прочтите, переведите и кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

THE RAINFORESTS

Where Are the Rainforests?

Rainforests cover six per cent of the Earth’s surface. There are rainforests in many parts of the world but the biggest forests are in South America, Africa and South East Asia. There aren’t any rainforests in Europe or North America.

What’s in the Rainforests?

About 75% of all the types of animals that we know come from rainforests. Thousands and thousands of animals live in rainforests. There are many very beautiful birds, insects and reptiles. Many of them live in the trees, over 30 meters from the ground. There arc also thousands of different plants and lots of tall trees. It is always hot in a rainforest and the ground is always wet. It is also dark.

Why Are the Rainforests Important?

The rainforests are very important for us. We need them! They also help to control the weather. They give us wood, rubber, fruits and many of our medicines.

Упражнение 2. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу модальные глаголы.

1.The rainforests … also help to control the weather.

2.We … save the rainforests as a part of our ecology.

3.The politicians … speak much however the situation of the rainforests

…anything but words.

4.Any reasonable person … agree with the pilot programme for restraining of disafforestation.

5.The rainforests … be used for extreme hiking.

Упражнение 3. Поставьте предложения в пассивный залог, используя времена группы Indefinite. Не забудьте изменить в предложении подлежащее.

1.Rainforests cover six per cent of the Earth’s surface.

2.Thousands and thousands of animals live in rainforests.

3.The rainforests help to control the weather.

4.We know that about 75% of all the types of animals come from rainforests.

5.The rainforests give us wood, rubber, fruits and many of our medicines.