Index of case studies

5-HT1A partial receptor agonist, 35

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), 45–46

addicting drugs class labeling, 388

adjustment disorder, 70, 71, 389

adolescent depression, 200, 201

treatment, 203

alcohol use disorder (AUD), 33, 304, 389

binge drinking, 384, 385, 386

borderline personality disorder comorbidity, 184

depression and, 1

mood swings and, 280

allergies. See drug reactions

alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, 324

alpha-2-delta calcium channel blockade, 391–392

American Psychiatric Association Treatment Guidelines for Major Depressive Disorder, 46

anaphylaxis, 211

anger management problems, 263, 269

adolescent patient, 200

following head injury, 199

anorexia nervosa (AN), 181

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 103

anticholinergic side effects, 128

antidepressant drugs. See also specific drug classes

ADHD management, 407

augmentation strategies, 114

bipolar disorder management, 290

drugs with less risk of weight gain, 116

genetic indicators of response, 416

unipolar antidepressant use in bipolar disorder, 94–95

washout, 110

weight-promoting drugs, 116

antiepileptic drugs, post-traumatic stress management, 157

antihistamines, 157

sleep-wake switch effect, 159

antihypertensives, 328

antipsychotic-associated weight gain (AAWG), 23, 110, 112, 130

drugs with greater risk, 116

drugs with less risk, 116

management, 23, 110, 111, 115, 117, 118

monitoring for, 88

antipsychotic drugs, 274, See also antipsychotic-associated weight gain (AAWG); atypical antipsychotics; typical antipsychotics

monoamine oxidase inhibitor interactions, 174–175, 178

QTc prolongation, 133, 138

schizophrenia, dosage issues, 132

switching, 133–136

techniques, 135

anxiety, 190, 383, See also generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

breakthrough, 189

child, 397, 400, 403

chronic, 313

depression comorbidity, 202, 306

non-addictive treatment strategies, 390

rebound, 299

subsyndromal, 385

treatment resistant (TRA), 69, 320

apathy in depression, 99–104

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 321, 334, 398, 400, 404

adult, 322

breakthrough symptoms, 402

childhood, 323

comorbidity, 404

depression, 322

generalized anxiety disorder, 321

management in children versus adults, 407–408

treatment mechanism, 326

atypical antipsychotics, 38, 73, 340, See also antipsychotic-associated weight gain (AAWG)

ADHD management, 407

adverse effects, 157

antihistamine receptor antagonism, 311

anxiolytic properties, 11

bipolar disorder management, 290

brain morphometric changes, 29

comparative efficacy, 341

delirium management, 379

depression management, 22, 23, 25, 43

drugs with less risk of weight gain, 116

fatigue induction, 306

hypnotic properties, 157–161, 162

insomnia management, 156

mania management, 84

monoamine oxidase inhibitor interactions, 178

OCD management, 216, 221, 224, 336

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) management, 157

QTc prolongation, 133

schizophrenia management, dosages, 136

stimulant combination, 43–44

suicide risk management, 342

switching, 133–136

techniques, 135

tardive dyskinesia risk, 23, 38, 44, 113

weight-promoting drugs, 116

autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 348, 400, 404

avoidant personality traits, 1–16

benzodiazepines

children, 405

desensitization and tolerance, 355–357

generalized anxiety disorder, 71, 76

mechanism of action, 355

sedative hypnotic use, 349

beta-blockers, post-traumatic stress management, 156

bipolar disorder, 78, 85

bipolar II, 283, 284, 288

escalation to bipolar I, 284, 288, 290

escalation risk, 94

heritability, 281

mania management, 95

prodromes, 282, 288

treatment guidelines, 289

unipolar antidepressant use in, 94–95

with mixed features, 83–96

bipolar spectrum, 290–292

borderline personality disorder (BPDO), 147

alcohol use disorder comorbidity, 184

treatment algorithm, 275

borderline personality traits, 182

brain fMRI, 435, 436, 438

brain injury, 202, 203

bulimia nervosa (BN), 36

CACNA1C gene testing, 413, 418, 424, 428, 435

A allele, 413, 418, 428, 435

G allele, 418, 428

carbohydrate cravings, 250

central positive airway pressure (CPAP), 231, 237

chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), 5

circadian rhythm sleep disorder (CRSD), 233

clozapine-induced sialorrhea (CIS), 141–144

antidotes, 144

mechanism, 144

statistics, 143–144

Cluster B personality traits, 265

rational polypharmacy, 274

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 168

eclectic versus manualized approach, 173

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 220

schizophrenia, 128

COMT gene testing, 413, 418, 424, 428, 435

MTHFR–COMT methylation interaction, 419, 429

Val allele, 413, 418, 424, 428

Val/Val genotype, 415

coronary artery disease (CAD), 54

corticostriatal–thalamic–cortical (CSTC) loops, 103

CYP450 2D6 inhibitors, 363, 401

CYP450 deficiency, 246, 247, 249, 251, 253, 257

CYP450 2D6, 258–260

deep brain stimulation (DBS), 64

OCD management, 224

delirium, 190, 375, 377, 378, 380–382

causes, 380

management, 379, 381

symptoms, 380

dependent personality traits, 182

depression, 383, See also adolescent depression; major depressive disorder (MDD)

5-HT1A receptor agonism in treatment, 175–178

ADHD comorbidity, 322

bipolar, 78, See also bipolar disorder

corticocortical circuits, 103

depression–executive dysfunction syndrome (DES), 101, 104

differential diagnosis, 102

double depression, 33, 295

geriatric, 227, 236

OCD comorbidity, 220

personality disorder comorbidity, 183

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comorbidity, 149

postpartum, 222

stimulant augmentation, 107

subsyndromal, 385

treatment-resistant depression (TRD), 9, 43, 53, 69, 172, 296, 304, 305

alternative treatments, 306

guidelines, 173

stimulant/atypical antipsychotic combination treatment, 43–44

vascular, 101, 104

diabetes, 130, 250, 359, 360

dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), 113, 189, 270, 305

dissociative identity disorder (DID), 111

dissociative symptoms, 112

docile indifference, 100, 101

dopamine hypothesis, 415, 426

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 103

hypoactivity, 435, 436

double depression, 33, 295

DRD2 gene testing, 413, 417, 424, 427, 435

Del allele, 417, 427, 435

Ins allele, 413, 424

drooling. See clozapine-induced sialorrhea (CIS)

Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, 1984, 208

drug reactions, 204, 206

allergic reactions, 206, 209

clinical manifestations, 210

idiosyncratic reactions, 210

intolerance, 210

management, 205, 211

pseudoallergic reactions, 210

dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy (DDP), 184, 270

dysthymia, 147

EKG monitoring, 130, 133, 138, 379

children, 406

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 412

psychotic major depressive disorder, 340, 343

treatment-resistant depression (TRD), 63, 304

enuresis, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403

epidural prefrontal cortical stimulation (EpCS), 64

essential tremor, 9

executive dysfunction

depression with apathy, 104

executive dysfunction, depression with apathy, 101

executive function, 103

exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP)

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 220

extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS), 125, 126, 128, 131, 269, 303

low dopamine function, 415

fatigue, 39, 74, 76, 230, 233, 235, 300

atypical antipsychotic-induced, 306

Lyme disease (FM), 302

fibromyalgia, 192

rational polypharmacy approach, 193

flashbacks, 147, 149

fMRI.See brain fMRI

GABA-A receptors, 355

desensitization, tachyphylaxis and tolerance, 355–357

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 168, 321

ADHD comorbidity, 321

child, 400, 404

chronic, 314

depression comorbidity, 1–16, 168, 245, 256, 296, 303, 371

escalation of symptoms, 318

treatment approaches, 322

treatment-resistant anxiety (TRA), 67–80, 320, 322

generic drugs, 208

bioequivalence, 208

genetic testing, 414, 417, 424, 426, 436, 438

greasy hands side effect, 360, 361

guilt, 167, 168, 174, 295, 298, 301, 331

hair loss, 251, 252

hallucinations, 19, 22

hypnogogic, 152, 153, 154

hand tremor, 364

head injury, 199, 201, 202, 203

hepatitis C, 245, 249

histamine receptor antagonism, 157

hives, 210

hyperactivity, 320, See also attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

hyperammonemia, 84, 91

hyperlipidemia, 54

hypnogogic hallucinations, 152, 153, 154

hypnotic agents. See insomnia; sleep disorders

hypochondriasis, 69, 75

hypomania, 181, 282

antidepressant-induced, 282, 289

illness anxiety disorder, 69

inattention, 320, 321, 328, See also attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

insomnia, 6, 42, 149, 155, 230, 233, 235, 250, 251, 301, See also sleep

atypical antipsychotic benefits, 157–161

bipolar disorder comorbidity, 287

identical twins case study, 263, 268, 269, 272

non-addictive treatment strategies, 391

post-traumatic stress comorbidity, 154

primary, 70, 71, 75, 349, 354

rational polypharmacy, 272

schizophrenic patient, 348, 349, 352, 353

suicide risk and, 354

with anxiety, 71, 72, 75

with mania, 87

interferon-related depression, 245, 247, 249, 256

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) techniques, 9

Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-SR), 47

iron deficiency, 70

iron toxicity, 70

jaw movements, 24, See also tardive dyskinesia (TD)

withdrawal dyskinesia, 41

lacunar infarcts, 104

leukomalacia, 104

L-methylfolate, 419, 429

Lyme disease, 297, 298–299, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307–310, 312

etiology, 307

prognosis, 310

signs and tests, 308

symptoms, 307

treatment, 309

magnetic seizure therapy (MST), 64

major depressive disorder (MDD), 263, 264, 271, 295, 331, See also depression

acute onset, 167, 246

adolescent patient, 200

anxiety comorbidity, 1–16, 147, 168, 184, 202, 213, 256, 296, 304, 306, 371

chronic, 33–48, 296, 300, 371

following head injury, 199, 201, 202

genetic testing, 414, 431, 434

geriatric, 229

interferon treatment-related, 245, 247, 249, 256

melancholic, 51

new onset, 360, 423, 426

personality disorder comorbidity, 272

postpartum, 215

premenstrual exacerbation of symptoms, 19–31

psychotic, 333, 340

recurrent, 19, 279, 281, 287, 302

relapse prevention, 302

severe, 333, 339

single episode, 433

sleep disorder comorbidity, 227

treatment, 216, 239

guidelines, 46

nutraceuticals, 365, 366

treatment resistant, 296, 304, 305, 364

alternative treatments, 306

vagus nerve stimulation, 51–65

with mixed features, 83–96

mania, 85

management, 95

mixed features, 83–96

Manualized Psychopharmacopsychotherapy (M-PPPT), 12–14

masseter muscle spasms, 41

medication compliance, 256

medication noncompliance, 187

melatonin, 238

receptors, 238, 239

metabolic syndrome, 125, 153

atypical antipsychotic risks, 23

micro-titration techniques, 258

mixed features specifier, 83–96

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 39, 171

adverse effects, 171

antipsychotic interactions, 174–175, 178

OCD management, 224

transdermal patch, 110, 171, 173

underutilization, 174

washout requirement, 174

mood lability, 22, 147, 153, 186, 203, 263, 266, 269, 271

excessive mood elevation, 280

treatment, 276

mood stabilizers, 25

drugs with less risk of weight gain, 116

weight-promoting drugs, 116

motor tics, 41, 44

MTHFR gene testing, 413, 419, 424, 429, 435

677 T allele, 419, 429

677 T/T genotype, 415

MTHFR–COMT methylation interaction, 419, 429

narcolepsy, 152

neuromodulation treatments, 306, See also specific treatments

nightmares, 147, 149, 154

PTSD related, 323

norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), 6, 35, 109

nutraceuticals, 366

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

child, 400, 404

depression comorbidity, 220

neural mechanisms, 222–223

obsessive intrusive images, 333, 334, 335

postpartum, 215, 222

treatments, 224, 336

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 152, 234, 235

risk factors, 231

orbital frontal cortex (OFC), 103

orexin receptor antagonism, 354

OROS (osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system), 194

outcome measures, 47–48

panic attacks, 33, 147, 166, 181, 235

paranoid schizophrenia, 141

personality disorder, 183, 273, See also borderline personality disorder

Cluster B personality traits, 265

rational polypharmacy, 274

major depression comorbidity, 272

treatment algorithm, 275

positive allosteric modulation, 355

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 147, 149

depression comorbidity, 149, 296, 303

exacerbation of symptoms, 152

insomnia comorbidity, 154

treatment, 150, 156

nightmares, 323

postpartum depression, 222

pre-bipolaring, 282, 291

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), 21, 28

diagnostic criteria, 31

premenstrual exacerbation (PME) of depressive symptoms, 19–31

premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 19, 21, 24

prodrugs, 195

psychiatric parkinsonism, 412, 415

psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDP), 3, 305

psychopharmacopsychotherapy (PPPT), 12

psychosis, 345, See also schizophrenia

acute onset, 382

breakthrough, 127

late onset, 121–138

paranoid, 141

psychotherapy, 173, See also specific therapies

approaches, 11

schizophrenia, 127

treatment-resistant depression, 306

psychotic symptoms, 112

QTc prolongation, 130, 133, 137, 138, 379

Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR), 47

rashes, 204, 206, 287

management, 207

rating scales, 42, 46–48

rational polypharmacy, 10, 11, 14, 35, 42, 114, 272

Cluster B personality traits, 274

fibromyalgia management, 193

rational sequential psychotherapy, 10

restless legs syndrome (RLS), 230, 232, 233, 240–242

comorbidity, 241

diagnosis, 240

etiology, 240

treatment, 241

SAMe (S-adenosyl methionine), 365, 366, 367–368, 369

antidepressant mechanisms, 367

schizophrenia

antipsychotic dosages, 136

late onset, 121–138

negative symptoms, 347, 353

atypical, 348

paranoid psychotic, 141

psychotherapy, 127

side-effects management, 353

treatment resistant, 132

undifferentiated, 346

sedation, drug-induced, 310–311

seizures, 151

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

activation and escalation, 202

dopaminergic activity, 416

dose response curve, 362

genetic indicators of response, 413, 417, 425, 427

major depressive disorder (MDD), 3

interferon-related, 247

mood-elevating effect, 280, 282

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 216, 224

polypharmacy, 6

sexual side effects, 314, 317

TCA interaction, 260

treatment failure, 4, 107

treatment resistance, 8

serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 20, 26, 35

children, 405

general anxiety disorder (GAD), 73, 77

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 224

partial response, 107

serotonin partial agonist reuptake inhibitors (SPARIs), 14

serotonin receptor antagonism, 157, 174

sleep and, 159–161

5-HT1D receptor, 160–161

5-HT2A receptor, 159–160

5-HT7 receptor, 161

serotonin syndrome, 260, 338

severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI), 90

sialorrhea. See clozapine-induced sialorrhea (CIS)

SLC6A4 gene testing, 413, 417, 424, 427, 434

L(A)/L(A) genotype, 413

S/S genotype, 427, 431, 434

sleep

melatonin role, 238

phase shifting, 238

serotonin receptor antagonism effects, 159–161

sleep-wake switch, 157

antihistamine effect, 159

sleep disorders, 267, See also insomnia; obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

depression comorbidity, 227

slow-release medications, 75, 193, 194–195

benefits, 196

OROS (osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system), 194

smoking cessation, 364, 393

social anxiety disorder (SAD), 36, 168, 213, 279, 281

depression comorbidity, 168

SODAS microbeads, 195

St. John’s Wort (SJW), 411

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), 210

stimulants, 39, 41

ADHD management, 407

atypical antipsychotic combination, 43–44

children and adolescents, 406

depression augmentation, 106, 107

novel agents, 94

slow release, 40

stress management, 113

suicide

acute risks, 342

attempts, 182, 341

chronic risk factors, 341–342

risk management, 343

suicidal thoughts, 111, 185, 186, 295, 331, 332, 333, 384

adolescent patient, 200

passive, 2, 38, 165, 168, 199, 201, 297

prevalence, 341

tachyphylaxis, 189, 355

tardive dyskinesia (TD), 24, 28

atypical antipsychotic risks, 23, 38, 44, 113

facts, 29

monitoring for, 45–46, 88

treatments, 29, 128

typical antipsychotic risks, 29, 45, 88, 90

withdrawal dyskinesia, 41

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome, 24

tics. See motor tics

tinnitus, 364

tolerance, 355

toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 210

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), 64

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 63, 256, 257, 305

transdermal drug delivery systems, 195

treatment-resistant anxiety (TRA), 69, 320

treatment-resistant depression (TRD), 9, 43, 53, 69, 172, 305, See also depression; major depressive disorder (MDD)

alternative treatments, 306

guidelines, 173

stimulant/atypical antipsychotic combination treatment, 43–44

tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), SSRI interaction, 260

typical antipsychotics. See also antipsychotic drugs

anger management, 269

brain morphometric changes, 29

drugs with less risk of weight gain, 116

mania management, 84

tardive dyskinesia risk, 29, 45, 88, 90

weight-promoting drugs, 116

urosepsis, 374, 375

urticaria, 210

vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 55, 56, 57, 372

acute VNS treatment failure, 57

device programing, 62

FDA approval, 59, 60

insurance issues, 59, 60

long-term treatment response, 58

mechanism of action, 60–61

side effects, 61–62

therapeutic dosing, 57, 58, 59

cumulative dosing, 59

treatment duration, 57

vascular depression, 101, 104

Waxman–Hatch Act, 208

weight gain, 23, 36

avoidance, 110

drugs with less risk, 116

management, 23

weight-promoting drugs, 116

weight-loss side effect, 398, 399, 400, 401, 403, 408

withdrawal dyskinesia, 41

Wolf–Parkinson–White arrhythmia, 132