Engines

There are external-combustion engines and internal-combustion engines. In an external - combustion engine, the fuel is burned outside the engine. The steam engine and steam turbine are good examples of an external-combustion engine. Today the internal-combustion engine has been displacing the steam locomotive engine. The internal-combustion engine has undergone numerous changes in design and construction. But its basic principle of operation has not changed. Engines operate on the four-stroke-cycle and on the two-stroke-cycle principles. Modern engines have some changes and improvements. They are:

Increased compression ratios.

Improved valve timing.

Better balance of moving parts.

Better mixing and distribution of fuel.

More accurate timing of fuel charge ignition.

Modern engines can operate at extremely high speed. They have some improvements in materials and methods. Modern engines are powerful, highly efficient, have lightweight. Engines vary in size, design. However, they have certain parts that perform similar functions. The various parts of the engines are as follows: a cylinder block, a cylinder head, pistons, piston rings, piston pins, a connecting rod, a crankshaft, engine bearings, valves, valve lifters, and manifolds.

Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

compression ratio, a cylinder block, a piston, a connecting rod, a bearing, a crankshaft, a manifold, valve timing, a cylinder head, a piston ring, a crankcase, a valve, a valve lifter, a piston pin

Составьте предложения:

1. Operate, at, high, speeds, extremely, modern tractors, can. On the four-stroke-cycle, operate, today, engines.

2. Improvements, some, engines, have, materials, in, methods, and. Cylinder block, are, of the engine, parts, and, pistons.

3. Better balance of moving parts, modern, tractors, have, today. Engines, and, in design, vary, in size.

Переведите следующие предложения:

1. One of the important examples of prime mover is the heat engine.

2. The other important type of prime mover is the internal-combustion engine.

3. It uses liquid as its fuel. There are two common fuels: gasoline, diesel (fuel oil).

Вариант 10.

Задание 1.

Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:

1. Don't you speak English?  1. My mother does.

2. What man can help you?  2. No, I do not.

3. Does your father or mother believe in God? 3. A strong one. 

4. When are winter coats 4. In November.

in greatest demand in Russia?

Образуйте вопросы по образцу: You can't speak Spanish. – You cannot speak Spanish, can you?

5. He does not play the guitar.

6. You have to work hard at your English.

Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом.

7. Yes, I am writing a letter to my grandmother.

Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения.

8. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).

9. I (to thank) him for what he (to do) for me.

10. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house.

Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в скобках в нужную форму (в будущее совершенное время).

11. Girls … (discuss) this with their mother by tonight.

12. My father … (manage) the team for seven years by next month.

Задание 2.

Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:

1. She wrote the story ____ her life.

2.The writer lived ____ London ____ great poverty.

3. She was standing outside the door _____her house and explaining ____ the mechanic what was wrong with her car.

4. My father goes ____work every day, so he stays ____ town.

Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами

5. I never get into an argument with my boss.

6. He dreams about getting into a good university.

7. Now, let us get out of here.

8. The film will probably go on for another hour.

Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом up в необходимой грамматической форме: wake – pick – bring — eat — give – look – set — get — tidy – break

9. Boys, stop chatting and … up your breakfast.

10. Little Alice was … up by a nanny.

11. He always … up the new words in the dictionary.

12. He is going to … up a joint venture.

Задание 3.

Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous.

1. We (to spend) a wonderful time in Turkey now.

2. Every day tourists (to have) a lot of fun in the Valleys.

3. When visitors (to walk) and (to go) on picnics?

4. The sun (rise) in the East

Исправьте ошибки.

5. Pamela have a new car. On Fridays she like going to the cinema.

Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:

6. did /live/ you / where/ when / you were / a/ child?

Вставьте слова will / to be going to.

7. She …. start a new job next week.

Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу: My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.

8. Her intention is to ride a bicycle today.

Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous.

9. Mary and Ann (to help) their grandparents on a farm now.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I.

10. I saw him talking with a woman.

Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение.

11. While (to learn) the pronunciation of the words we learned their meaning.

Выберите правильный вариант

12. They (______) every day until the end of the month.

perform

will be performing

will perform

Задание 4.

Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями. Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.

1. Sally phoned her girlfriend in the morning.

Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами. Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?

2. No, we were not playing computer games at 12 o'clock yesterday.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous.

3. My son (to read) a book yesterday.

4. We (not to sleep) at 9 o'clock yesterday.

Употребите Present Perfect.

5. Where … they … (to be) all the time?

6. … she … (to come) to the Institute yet?

Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.

7. Have they … been to London?

8. Oleg hasn’t been at the institute … a week.

В каждом из следующих предложений допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее и напишите правильный вариант.

9. These boys are my pupil.

10. When have he bought the book?

11. he just wrote a letter.

12. Now we is playing tennis.

Задание 5.

Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время

1. The doctor (examine) his last patient at this time tomorrow.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов.

2. May I invite my friend to the party?

3. You have to work hard at your German.

Вставьте can или be able to. Иногда допустимы оба варианта.

4. Ask Jane about your problem. She should _______ help you.

Вставьте needn’t /  have to / mustn’t / didn’t need to / have to или needn’t have.

5) I _____ leave yet. I’m not flying until 3.00 p.m.

Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (may, can, must, could).

6) If you are under 17, you _____ drive a car in Britain.

Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот could, was / were able to or couldn’t. 

7. The girl fell into the lake but fortunately we _______ rescue her.

Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот  mustn’t or don’t / doesn’t have to.

8. They _______ leave yet. They’ve got plenty of time.

Переведите предложения на английский язык

9. Ты можешь решить эту проблему. 10. Тебе следует навестить своего больного друга. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот

11. Where are my gloves? — I … put them on because it’s cold today.

a) can’t

b) have to

c) needn’t

12. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I … go now.

a) can

b) has to

c) must

Задание 6.

Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту