The division of labor

In a developed country the production process is split into a very large number of individual operations and each operation is the special task of one worker. The principle of the division of labor is now carried to remarkable lengths and the production of relatively simple things may be broken down into hundreds of sepa-rate operations.

To illustrate the increased productivity of specialization, Adam Smith provided the classical example of pin making. One worker is said to make at best few dozen imperfect pins a day. However, when pin making is broken down into a number of simple repetitive operations, a few workers can turn out hundred of thousands of perfect pins per day. Perhaps the epitome of specialization is the modern automobile assembly line, where cars move down a conveyor belt and workers, or even robots, perform highly specialized functions. A worker might concentrate on putting left tires on Hondas. The result of such specialization is the enormous increase in labor productivity in many manufacturing industries.

Specialization leads to such great increases in productivity because a person who spends time performing one relatively simple task becomes extremely proficient at that particular operation. One of the most important advantages of the division of labor is that it makes possible a much greater use of machinery. When a complex process has been broken down into a series of separate, simple processes, it is possible to devise machinery to carry out each individual operation.

Modern technology allied to the extensive use of the division of labor has made possible enormous increases in the output of goods and services. It has transformed the living standards of millions of people, made possible a great reduction of work-ing hours, and, by providing for more leisure, has given people the opportunity to lead fuller and richer lives. But the division of labor has a number of disadvantages. One of them is that there is no opportunity for the worker to exercise initiative, judgment, manual skills, or responsibility. The wide use of machinery has led to a marked decline in the degree of craftsmanship.

Now read the text and answer these questions:

1. What happens to production process in a developed country?

2. Who was the first to provide the classical example of specialization?

3. Why does specialization lead to such an increase in productivity?

4. What is the greatest advantage of the division of labor?

5. What makes possible for people to lead fuller and richer lives?

Complete the following sentences according to the text:

1. The division of labor means …

2. The production process is split into …

3. Specialization leads to the increase in productivity because …

4. The most important advantage of the division of labor is …

5. The wide use of machinery has led to …

Fill in the table with the derivatives:

Verb	Noun	Adjective	Adverb

Compete, depend, variety, favorable, independence, commerce, select, type, competitor, persistently, compare, typically, commercial, independent, competition, persistence, comparative, selection, comparatively, vary, persistent, restrict, favor (2), number (2), comparison, independently, restricted, numerous, competitive, class, various, typical, classify, persist, selective, restriction.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 2

(для студентов Института механизации и технического сервиса)

Вариант 1.

Задание 1.

Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:

1. What helps you in your work? 1. Yes, I have.

2. Have you ever seen the rain?  2. I would like to go to the cinema.

3. Can you help her?  3. My good sense of humor does. 

4. What would you like to do?

to watch TV or go to the cinema? 4 No, I can't

Образуйте вопросы по образцу: You can't speak Spanish. – You cannot speak Spanish, can you?

5. She is reading an interesting book.

6. We have not had German today.

Cоставьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом.

7. No, We have not been to London.

Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения.

8. By 4 o’clock yesterday I (to do) my homework and at 6 o’clock I (to watch) a video film.

9. By five o’clock the girl (to come) home and at six she (to have) dinner.

10. The grandfather (to come) home by two o’clock.

Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в скобках в нужную форму (в будущее совершенное время).

11. Kate … (repair) her car by the next Saturday.

12. They … (do) the washing by nine o’clock in the evening.

Задание 2.

Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:

1. There is a man and a woman ____ the picture.

2. They did not want to stay ___town in such a hot day, so we went ___ the village.

3. The teacher hung a picture ___ the wall.

4. America was discovered _____ Columbus.

Let`s go ______ a walk.

Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами

5. I’m sorry but we have to break up.

6. She nearly passed out when she saw the blood. 

7. We must carry on with this tempo to finish the construction in time.

8. You’ll have to put up with her nasty behavior.

Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом out в необходимой грамматической форме: watch – find — eat — break – make — blow – clear — go – turn — count

9. In hot weather the fire can … out quite easily.

10. Tim has to … out 10 candles on his birthday cake today.

11. I’m tired of staying inside. Why don’t we … out somewhere?

12. I’m tired of cooking at home. Why don’t we … out somewhere?

Задание 3.

Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous.

1. Many interesting places (to attract) tourists to the USA.

2. There (to be) many old castles in Spain where people lived many years ago.

3. Listen! Who (to play) the piano in the next room?

4. Excuse me, you (speak) English? – Yes, a little.

Исправьте ошибки.

5. Hurry! The bus comes. I not wanting to miss it.

Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:

6. travel/ you / time / by / first / plane / last / did/ year/ for the/?

Вставьте will / to be going to.

7. – What’s Jane’s phone number?  – Just a minute. I … look it up in my notebook.

Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу: My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.

8. Her plan is to visit Paris.

Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous.

9. Mike (to learn) an English poem now.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I.

10. The captain watched the sailors unloading the steamer.

Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение.

11. (To write) out all the words, he started to learn them. 

Выберите правильный вариант

12. - Let’s meet at the station at 5 o’clock. - OK. I (______) for you there.

’ll wait

will be waiting

wait

Задание 4.

Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями. Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.

1. We read newspapers in the evening.

Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами. Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?

2. Yes, he was busy yesterday.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous.

3. They (to play) computer games yesterday.

4. I (to play) computer games at 5 o'clock yesterday.

Употребите Present Perfect.

5. We ... (to know) each other since 2008.

6. My sister ... (not to go) out all day long yesterday.

Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.

7. She has … come from the library.

8. Have you … been to Paris?

В каждом из следующих предложений допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее и напишите правильный вариант.

9. This program are bad.

10. These boys are my pupil.

11. He speak English badly.

12. When have you bought the book?

Задание 5.

Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время

1. I hope they (not forget) all this by tomorrow.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов.

2. My daughter is to finish school in a year.

3. He has to come to the party.

Составьте предложения, используя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.              

4. I wish you had explained the situation to me.

 Should   You ______ the situation to me.

Вставьте needn’t /  have to / mustn’t / didn’t need to / have to или needn’t have.

5) You _____ enter this area without permission.

Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (may, can, must, could).

6) Hello, _____ I speak to Tom, please?

Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот could, was / were able to or couldn’t. 

7. My brother had hurt his leg, so he _______ walk very well.

Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот  mustn’t’t or don’t / doesn’t have to.

8. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______ work.

Переведите предложения на английский язык

9. Ему разрешили взять машину своего отца в прошлую пятницу. 10. Я могу считать до 50 на испанском. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот

11. Jane has got a headache. He … sleep well recently.

a) can’t

b) couldn’t have

c) hasn’t been able to

12. I … sleep for hours when I was a little girls.

a) could

b) am able to

c) can

Задание 6.

Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту