Тема 2 Word-formation in Modern English

__borrowings are usually called classical borrowings.

French;

*Latin and Greeks;

Italian;

Germanic;

__borrowings, or barbarisms, are borrowings which are used by Englishmen rather seldom.

Partly assimilated;

Completely assimilated.

*non-assimilated;

__completely non- motivated idiomatic word-groups.

Half-unitie

*fusions

unitie

Half-fusion

__compounds are formed by joining together two stems without any joining morpheme.

Morphological;

Syntactical;

*Neutrals;

Coordinative;

__is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker uses exaggeration.

Litote;

Degradation;

*Hyperboles;

Elevation;

__is apparent in derived words and nonidiomatic compounds due to their word-formation pattern.

Phonetical motivation

*Morphological motivations

Lexical meaning

Semantic motivation

__Is the formation of words by means of adding a suffix to the stem.

Prefixation;

*suffixations;

composition;

conversation.

__morphemes are affixes: prefixes, suffixes and also blocked root morphemes.

Free lexical;

Grammatical;

*Bound lexicals;

Bound grammatical.

__wards consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion.

Simple;

Compound;

*derived;

Compound-derived.

__which are used in text for economy of space.

Alphabetic abbreviation

Compound abbreviation

*Graphic abbreviations

Latin abbreviation

__which belong to different parts of speech.

*Grammatical homonyms

homoforms

Etymological homonyms

Lexical homonyms

__with elevated, “lofty” colouring are traditionally used only poetry.

archaism

barbarism

*poetic words

neologism

__words consist of one root morpheme and an inflexion.

*Simple;

compound;

derived;

compound-derived.

__words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion.

Simple;

*compound;

Derived;

Compound-derived.

__words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion.

Simple;

Compound;

Derived;

*compound-derived.

A lot of musical and artistic terms were borrowed from __.

French;

Latin and Greek;

*Italians;

Germanic;

A smaller meaningful structural units which are called ---

homonym

Synonym

*morphemes

A summit meeting.

Morphological motivation

Semantic group

*Semantic motivations

Phonetical motivation

A tall story…

*Half-unities

Fusion

unitie

half-fusion

Abbreviations are the result of shortening of words and word-groups only in written speech while orally the corresponding full forms are used.

*graphical;

Lexical;

Initial;

Phonetic;

What is the absolute synonyms;

*__ have exactly the same meaning and belong to the same style.

The synonyms that specialize in their meaning are __.

The synonyms specialized in their usage are __.

__ are words used to substitute some unpleasant or offensive words.

According to the parts of speech compounds are subdivided into adjectives.

baby-moon, globe-trotter

to honey-moon, to baby-sit, to henpeck,

*free-for-all, power-happy,

downdeep, headfirst

According to the parts of speech compounds are subdivided into adverbs.

*baby-moon, globe-trotter

free-for-all, power-happy,

baby-moon, globe-trotter

to honey-moon, to baby-sit, to henpeck,

According to the parts of speech compounds are subdivided into numerals.

*fifty-five,

free-for-all, power-happy,

baby-moon, globe-trotter

to honey-moon, to baby-sit, to henpeck

According to the parts of speech compounds are subdivided into prepositions.

*into, within,

free-for-all, power-happy,

baby-moon, globe-trotter

baby-moon, globe-trotter

According to the parts of speech compounds are subdivided into verbs.

*to honey-moon, to baby-sit, to henpeck,

baby-moon, globe-trotter

downdeep, headfirst

free-for-all, power-happy,

Adjective-forming suffixes…

*-able (breathable), less(symptomless), -ous (prestigious),

ize (computerize) , -ify (micrify),

ly (singly), -ward (tableward),

-er (criticizer), -dom (officialdom),-ism (ageism),

What is the affixation?

The main function of __ in English is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech.

The main function of __ in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another; the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning.

is the part of the word which remains unchanged throughout the paradigm of the word.

*One of the most productive ways of word-building consisting in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech.

Alphabetic

abbreviations

*__ in which letters get their full alphabetic pronunciation and full stress.

___ in which the first is a letter and the second a complete word.

__which are used in text for economy of space.

__ which sometimes are not read as Latin words but as separate letter.

American and British Lexicographers call “idioms”.

Word;

Morpheme;

Sentence;

*Phraseological units;

Another splinter «eteria» with the meaning «self-service» was formed by

«busnapper», «babynapper»,

*«groceteria», «booketeria»,«booteteria

«Moonquake», «youthquake»

laundromat», «cashomat»etc.

What is the archaisms?

__are words or expressions borrowed without any change.

__ are words and word-groups that denote new concept.

__with elevated, “lofty” colouring are traditionally used only poetry.

*__ are obsolete names for existing things, action, phenomenas.

Bound lexical morphemes are...

are roots of words whichexpress the lexical meaning of the word, they coincide with the stem of simple words.

are inflexions (endings), e.g. -s for the Plural ofnouns, -ed for the Past Indefinite of regular verbs, -ing

*are affixes: prefixes (dis-), suffixes (-ish) andalso blocked (unique) root morphemes (e.g. Fri-day, cran-berry)

are function words: articles,conjunctions and prepositions ( the, with, and).

Compound abbreviations is…

___ in which the first is a letter and the second a complete word.

__ which sometimes are not read as Latin words but as separate letter.

*___ in which the first is a letter and the second a complete words.

__ reflects the concept expressed by the given word.

Compound words consist of…

one root morpheme and an inflexion (in many casesthe inflexion is zero), e.g. «seldom», «chairs», «longer», «asked».

*two or more root morphemes and an inflexion,e.g. «baby-moons», «wait-and-see (policy)».

one root morpheme, one or several affixes and aninlexion, e.g. «deristricted», «unemployed».

of two or more root morphemes, one or moreaffixes and an inflexion, e.g. «middle-of-the-roaders», «job-hopper».

Compound words in English can be formed not only by means of composition

but also by means of :

reduplication,

to micky-mouse, can-do, makeup etc,

bloodtransfuse, to fingerprint etc ,

*too-too, and also by means of reduplicatin combined with sound interchange , e.g. rope-ripe,

lie-in ( on the analogy with sit-in) and also phone-in,brawn-drain (on the analogy with brain-drain) etc.

Compound words in English can be formed not only by means of composition but also by means of : conversion from word-groups,

*to micky-mouse, can-do, makeup etc,

too-too, and also by means of reduplicatin combined with sound interchange , e.g. rope-ripe

bloodtransfuse, to fingerprint etc ,

lie-in ( on the analogy with sit-in) and also phone-in, brawn-drain (on the analogy with brain-drain) etc.

Compound words in English can be formed not only by means of composition but also by means of :back formation from compound nouns or word-groups.

*bloodtransfuse, to fingerprint etc.

too-too, and also by means of reduplicatin combined with sound interchange , e.g. rope-ripe

to micky-mouse, can-do, makeup etc,

Compound-derived words consist of…

*of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion, e.g. «middle-of-the-roaders», «job-hopper».

one root morpheme and an inflexion (in many cases the inflexion is zero), e.g. «seldom», «chairs», «longer», «asked».

two or more root morphemes and an inflexion, e.g. «baby-moons», «wait-and-see (policy)».

one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inlexion, e.g. «deristricted», «unemployed».

Conversion is the main way of forming __ in Modern English.

Noun;

Adjective;

*Verbs;

Adverb;

Conversion is the main way of forming…

*Verbs,

Nouns,

Ajectives,

Adverbs,

What is the degradation?

*__ is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes worse in the course of times;

__ is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the course of time.

__is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker uses exaggeration.

__ is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker expresses affirmative with the negative .

Derived words consist of…

one root morpheme and an inflexion (in many cases the inflexion is zero), e.g. «seldom», «chairs», «longer», «asked».

*one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inlexion, e.g. «deristricted», «unemployed».

two or more root morphemes and an inflexion, e.g. «baby-moons», «wait-and-see (policy)».

of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion, e.g. «middle-of-the-roaders», «job-hopper».

Deskriptive Lexicology deals with the…

*Vocabulary;

Sentence;

Text;

Word;

What is theelevation?

__ is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes worse in the course of time;

*__ is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the course of times.

__is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker uses exaggeration.

__ is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker expresses affirmative with the negative .