Тема 1.Generalities of Stylistics.

Stylistic semasiology deals with.

*Shifts of meanings and their stylistic functions;

Stylistic functions of shifts of meanings and combinations of meanings;

Shifts of meanings and combinations of meanings;

Transfer by contrast.

Figures of replacement fall into the following groups:

*Figures of quantity and figures of quality;

Figures of quantity, figures of quality and irony;

Figures of similarity, figures of inequality and figures of contrast;

Synonyms of variation.

Periphrasis is based upon.

Transfer by similarity;

*Transfer by contiguity;

Transfer by contrast;

Transfer.

Epithet belongs to.

The metonymic group;

*The metaphorical group;

The ironic group;

The stylistic group.

Synonyms of variation are used.

To characterize the object spoken about precisely;

To produce humorous effect;

*To make the speech less monotonous;

To impart expressiveness.

In the sentence “the pennies were saved by bulldozing the grocer” we come across.

*Metonymy;

Metaphor;

Irony;

Ellipsis.

The sentence “the magi were wise men - wonderfully wise men” contains

An epithet;

An antithesis;

*A gradation;

A metaphor.

In the sentence “’Jim stopped inside the door, as immovable as a setter at the scent of quail” the simile is used

To impart expressiveness to the utterance;

To produce humorous effect;

*To enable the reader to visualize the scene completely;

Transfer by contrast.

The phrase “she craved and yearned over them” contains

Synonyms of precision;

*Synonyms of variation;

A metaphor;

An epithet.

Indicate the sentence which constitutes a simile

She writes novels as Agatha Cristie;

She is as talkative as a parrot;

* She sings like Madonna;

She can sing like a professional actress.

Archaisms may be used in a literary text

To show that the speaker is attached to usage of unusual words;

*Create the historic atmosphere;

To produce humorous effect;

They elevate the speech.

If bookish words are used in the colloquial context

*They elevate the speech;

They produce humorous effect;

They characterize the speaker as a well-educated person;

Create the historic atmosphere;

The sentence “Philoprogenitiveness, says we, is strong in semi-rural communities…” contains

*An archaic word;

An archaic word the collocation typical of the uncultivated speech;

A bookish word and the collocation typical of the uncultivated speech;

An antithesis;

Poetic words are used in poetic diction

Due to the poetic tradition only;

To create the romantic atmosphere;

To produce the effect of elevation;

*To comply with the poetic tradition and to create romantic atmosphere.

Jargon words are used within a certain professional group

To facilitate the communication;

*To show that the speaker also belongs to this group;

To stress the informal character of communication;

To show that the speaker is attached to usage of unusual words;

Jargon words and slang words

Are characterized by the same degree of degradation;

Differ in their degree of degradation;

*To show that the speaker is attached to usage of unusual words;

To produce the effect of elevation;

Slang is used

To show that the speaker shares the same ideas as are possessed by his communicants;

To make speech more expressive;

*To produce humorous effect;

To produce the effect of elevation;

In the sentence “Ain’t it awful, Sam?” the underlined word is used

For the sake of characterization;

To produce humorous effect;

*To make speech expressive;

To show that the speaker is attached to usage of unusual words;

Vulgar words are subdivided into.

Lexical vulgarisms and semantic vulgarisms;

*Lexical vulgarisms and stylistic vulgarisms;

Semantic vulgarisms and stylistic vulgarisms;

Transfer by contrast.

Elliptical sentences and nominative sentences.

*Perform the same functions;

Perform different functions;

Transfer by contrast.

To make speech expressive;

Asyndeton is used.

*To accelerate the tempo of the speech;

To characterize the emotional state of speaker;

To impart expressiveness to the speech;

To make speech expressive;

Aposiopesis is.

A case when the speaker does not bring the utterance up to the end being overwhelmed by emotions;

A deliberate abstention from bringing the utterance up to the end’

*A case when the speaker does not want to finish the sentence;

To characterize the emotional state of speaker;

Anadiplosis is based.

*Upon the absence of the indispensable elements in the sentence;

Upon the interaction of syntactical structures;

Upon the excessive use of syntactical elements;

To characterize the emotional state of speaker;

Prolepsis is used by characters of literary works.

To make speech more expressive;

*To emphasize the subject of speech;

To make the speech sound less formal;

To characterize the emotional state of speaker;

In case of inversion the emphasized elements occupies.

*The initial position;

The final position instead of the initial position;

Either initial position or final position instead of the initial position;

Upon the interaction of syntactical structures;

Parallelism is used.

*To make the recurring parts more conspicuous than their surroundings;

To make the speech expressive;

To emphasize the subject of speech;

The initial position;

Anaphora is used.

To express the speaker’s toward the object of speech;

*To imprint the elements repeated in the reader’s mind;

To create poetic atmosphere;

The initial position;

The syntactical device used to reproduce two parallel lines of thought is termed.

Detachment;

*Parenthesis;

Anadiplosis;

Asyndeton.

The sentence “you don’t know what a nice - a beautiful, nice - gift I’ve got to you”

contains

*repetition;

detachment;

repetition in the form of detachment;

Linguo-stylistics is a science of...

* styles and expressive potential of a language.

the style of scientific prose;

the newspaper style;

the colloquial styles.

Communicative (decoding) stylistics...

The publicistic style;

* de­scribes expressive peculiarities of certain messages (texts);

the belletristic style;

the style of scientific prose;

The style of radio and TV programs, the oratory style.

the belletristic style;

the style of scientific prose;

*The publicistic style;

the colloquial styles.

These styles comply with the regularities and norms of oral communication.

the style of scientific prose;

the newspaper style;

*the colloquial styles

the belletristic style;

Mary was scared to death.

*Hyperbole;

Metonymy;

Synecdoche;

Euphemism.

The decision was not unreasonable.

Periphrasis;

*Litotes;

metaphor;

epithet

Язик до Києва доведе.

Hyperbole;

*Metonymy;

Synecdoche;

Euphemism.

The blue suit bowed and left the room.

Antonomasia;

Irony;

Allegory;

*Synecdoche;

The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees.

Periphrasis;

Litotes;

*metaphor;

epithet;

Voiceless sands…

*Epithet;

Metonymy;

Synecdoche;

Euphemism.

Stylistics concentrates on expressive...

* sound combinations,;

Irony;

Allegory;

Synecdoche;

The night was creeping towards the travelers.

*Personification;

Periphrasis;

Litotes;

metaphor;

Contrastive stylis­tics investigates...

Antonomasia;

*stylistic systems of two or more languages in comparison.

Allegory;

Synecdoche;

Rosa is as beautiful as a flower. Paula is like a fairy

*Simile;

Synonyms;

Oxymoron;

Paradox;

Hot snow, loving hate.

Antithesis;

Climax;

*Oxymoron;

Zeugma;

Paradoxically speaking, language study can be fun.

Pun;

Oxymoron;

*Paradox;

Gradation;

Mary dropped a tear and her handkerchief.

Antithesis;

Climax;

Oxymoron;

*Zeugma;

What does Lexicology describe?

* words, their origin, development;

Asyndeton;

Repetition;

Enumeration;

I am weary, weary, weary of the whole thing.

Tautology;

*Repetition;

Inversion;

Polysyndeton;

What does Grammar describe?

Repetition;

Inversion;

Polysyndeton;

* building words, word-combinations, sentences and texts.

What style is… John's dear parent is going to his heavenly home…

* bookish;

literary colloquial;

informal colloquial;

Polysyndeton;

What style is… John's father is dying….

* literary colloquial;

bookish;

informal colloquial;

What style is… John's old fell on his way out…

Use of synonyms;

* informal colloquial;

literary colloquial;

What is a linguistic context?

* is the encirclement of a language unit by other language units in speech.

is the context of a single utterance (sentence);

is the context of a book chapter, a story or the whole book.

;

is formed by extralingual con­ditions in which communication takes place;

Man proposes, God disposes

*Не так сталося, як гадалося.

Не так сталося, як гадалося, а як судилося.

Що написано на роду, того не обїдеш і на льоду.

Одчиняй двері, поки одчиняються.

Chances rule men, and not men rule chances.

Перетреться, перемнеться, та й так минеться.

Лови рибу, як ловится.

Що написано на роду, того не обїдеш і на льоду.

*Не так сталося, як гадалося, а як судилося.

Duties are ours: events are God’s.

*Кому як на роду написано.

Не буде так як думаєш, а буде так, як станеться.

Перетреться, перемнеться, та й так минеться.

Що написано на роду, того не обїдеш і на льоду.

Every bullet has its billet.

*Як судиться, то і вовк не зїсть і не убудеться.

Не так сталося, як гадалося, а як судилося.

Що написано на роду, того не обїдеш і на льоду.

Одчиняй двері, поки одчиняються.

Opportunity seldom knocks twice.

*Лови рибу, як ловиться.

Не буде так як думаєш, а буде так, як станеться.

Перетреться, перемнеться, та й так минеться.

Що написано на роду, того не обїдеш і на льоду.

Figures of identity

*use of synonyms;

oxymoron;

climax;

pun;

Figures of contrast

Use of synonyms;

*oxymoron;

zeugma;

climax;

Figures of inequality

*pun;

Similie;

Antithesis;

Oxymoron;

Metonymy

Replacement of a direct name of a thing/ phenomenon by the description of some of its quality;

Naming the whole object by mentioning part of it;

Replacement of an unpleasant, impolite word or expression with a milder and decent one;

*Transference of a name of one object to another based upon contiguity.

Synecdoche

Replacement of a direct name of a thing/ phenomenon by the description of some of its quality;

*Naming the whole object by mentioning part of it;

Replacement of an unpleasant, impolite word or expression with a milder and decent one;

Transference of a name of one object to another based upon contiguity.

Periphrasis

*Replacement of a direct name of a thing/ phenomenon by the description of some of its quality;

Naming the whole object by mentioning part of it;

Replacement of an unpleasant, impolite word or expression with a milder and decent one;

Transference of a name of one object to another based upon contiguity.

Euphemism

Replacement of a direct name of a thing/ phenomenon by the description of some of its quality;

Naming the whole object by mentioning part of it;

*Replacement of an unpleasant, impolite word or expression with a milder and decent one;

Transference of a name of one object to another based upon contiguity.

Metaphor

An attribute describing an object expressively, pointing out an implied figurative connotation;

An abstract notion in a concrete image, embodied throughout a whole text;

*Transference of a name of one object to another based on similarity;

Usage of common nouns as proper names based on similarity;

Epithet

*An attribute describing an object expressively, pointing out an implied figurative connotation;

An abstract notion in a concrete image, embodied throughout a whole text;

Transference of a name of one object to another based on similarity;

Usage of common nouns as proper names based on similarity;

Allegory

An attribute describing an object expressively, pointing out an implied figurative connotation;

*An abstract notion in a concrete image, embodied throughout a whole text;

Transference of a name of one object to another based on similarity;

Usage of common nouns as proper names based on similarity;

Personification

*Ascribing human behavior, feelings, thoughts and actions to inanimate object;

An attribute describing an object expressively, pointing out an implied figurative connotation;

An abstract notion in a concrete image, embodied throughout a whole text;

Transference of a name of one object to another based on similarity;

What is the Macrocontext?

is the context of a single utterance (sentence).

is the encirclement of a language unit by other language units in speech.

Transference of a name of one object to another based on similarity;

* is the context of a paragraph in a text;

This style aims at establishing, developing and controlling business

*The style of official documents;

the style of scientific prose;

the newspaper style;

the colloquial styles.

What is the Mega context?

is the context of a paragraph in a text;

*is the context of a book chapter, a story or the whole book.

is the context of a single utterance (sentence).

These styles comprises neutral, bookish and literary words.

the style of scientific prose;

the newspaper style;

*the colloquial styles

the belletristic style;

Sam would give the world to see Dave again.

*Hyperbole;

Metonymy;

Synecdoche;

Euphemism.

Martin is not without sense of humor;

*Litotes;

metaphor;

epithet

Synecdoche;

The sword is the worst argument in a situation like that

Hyperbole;

*Metonymy;

Synecdoche;

Euphemism.

Caroline lives with Jack under the same roof.

Antonomasia;

Irony;

Allegory;

*Synecdoche;

to burn with desire

Periphrasis;

Litotes;

*metaphor;

epithet;

crazy behavior

*Epithet;

Metonymy;

Synecdoche;

Euphemism.

Sam is the Napoleon of crime

*Antonomasia;

Irony;

Allegory;

Synecdoche;

What is the microcontext?

* is the context of a single utterance (sentence).

is the context of a book chapter, a story or the whole book.

Litotes;

metaphor;

Боюсь , як торішнього снігу.

Antonomasia;

*Irony;

Allegory;

Synecdoche;

Jon is older than Sam.

*Simile;

Synonyms;

Oxymoron;

Paradox;

Horribly beautiful

Antithesis;

Climax;

*Oxymoron;

Zeugma;

Awfully pretty is …

Antithesis;

Climax;

*Oxymoron;

Zeugma;

Cowards die many times before their death

Pun;

Oxymoron;

*Paradox;

Gradation;

He took his hat and his leave.is…

Antithesis;

Climax;

Oxymoron;

*Zeugma;

Sally found Dick. Yesterday. In the pub.

*Parceling;

Asyndeton;

Repetition;

Enumeration;

Holliday is what we need. Holliday is what we expect.

Tautology;

*Repetition;

Inversion;

Polysyndeton;

There was a great deal of confusion and laughter and noise…

Repetition;

Inversion;

Polysyndeton;

*Enumeration;

Darling, darling Bundle. Oh, darling Bundle.

* Tautology;

Repetition;

Inversion;

Polysyndeton;

Sofia’s beauty is horrible.

Antithesis;

Climax;

*Oxymoron;

Zeugma;

Paradoxically speaking, language study can be fun.

Pun;

Oxymoron;

*Paradox;

Gradation;

Freddy got out of bed and low spirits.

Antithesis;

Climax;

Oxymoron;

*Zeugma;

Oswald hates Rolf. Very much.

*Parceling;

Asyndeton;

Repetition;

Enumeration;

Victory is what we need. Victory is what we expect.

Tautology;

*Repetition;

Inversion;

Polysyndeton;