Theme 1: Grammar in the Systemic Conception of Language

What parts/sides does language consist of?

*the phonological system, the lexical system, and the grammatical system

the lexical system, and the grammatical system

the phonological system, the lexical system, the grammatical system, and the syntactic system

the phonological system, the lexical system, the morphological system, and the grammatical system

What is the goal of Practical grammar?

to provide the student with a manual of theoretical mastery of language

to provide the student with a manual of practical mastery of language

*to provide the student with a manual of practical mastery of the corresponding part of language

to provide the student with a manual of theoretical mastery of the corresponding part of language

How would you formulate the theoretical purpose of the grammar of a language?

Theoretical grammar of a language practically describes its grammatical system, that is, practically analyzes it, defines its grammatical categories, and studies the mechanisms of grammatical formation of utterances of words in the process of speech making.

*Theoretical grammar of a language theoretically describes its grammatical system, that is, scientifically analyzes it, defines its grammatical categories, and studies the mechanisms of grammatical formation of utterances of words in the process of speech making.

Theoretical grammar of a language theoretically describes its lexical system, that is, scientifically analyzes it, defines its semantic categories, and studies the mechanisms of semantic formation of words in the process of speech making.

A practical description is aimed at providing the student with a manual of practical mastery of the corresponding part of language and is realized by theoretical grammar.

What are the major parts of grammar?

*morphology, the grammatical study of the word and syntax, the grammatical study of the sentence

lexicology, the lexical study of the word and syntax, the grammatical study of the sentence

morphology, the grammatical study of the word and syntax, the grammatical study of the sentence, and pragmatics, which studies the communicative intention of the speaker

phonology lexicology, and grammar

What are morphology and syntax subdivisions?

*categorial morphology, derivational morphology, functional morphology, historical morphology, historical syntax, paradigmatic syntax, semantic syntax etc.

derivational morphology, functional morphology, historical morphology, categorical syntax historical syntax, paradigmatic syntax, semantic syntax etc.

deviational morphology, functional morphology, historical morphology, categorical syntax, historical syntax, paradigmatic syntax, semantic syntax etc.

deviational morphology, functional morphology, historical morphology, historical syntax, paradigmatic syntax, semantic syntax etc.

What planes does language have?

*the plane of content and the plane of expression

the plane of contents, the plane of form, and the plane of expression

the plane of contents and the plane of expression

the plane of content, the plane of form, and the plane of expression

What does the plane of content comprise?

the lexical and semantic elements contained in language

the purely lexical and semantic elements contained in language

the purely lexical elements contained in language

*the purely semantic elements contained in language

What does the plane of expression comprise?

the material (formal) units of language taken by themselves, including the meanings rendered by them

the functional (formal) units of language taken by themselves, including the meanings rendered by them

*the material (formal) units of language taken by themselves, apart from the meanings rendered by them

the functional (formal) units of language taken by themselves, apart from the meanings rendered by them

What do grammatical elements of language present?

a situational unity of content and expression

present situational unbalance of content and expression

present unbalance of content and expression

*present a unity of content and expression

What can we observe when two or more units of the plane of content correspond to one unit of the plane of expression?

Homonymy

*polysemy and homonymy

polysemy and synonymy

polysemy

What can we observe when two or more units of the plane of expression correspond to one unit of the plane of content?

*synonymy

homonymy

polysemy

antonymy

What is the purpose of grammar as a linguistic discipline?

to disclose and formulate the irregularities of the correspondence between the plane of content and the plane of expression in the formation of utterances out of the stocks of words as part of the process of speech production

to disclose and formulate the irregularities of the correspondence between the plane of content and the plane of expression in the formation of utterances out of the stocks of words as part of the process of speech production

to disclose and formulate the regularities of the correspondence between the plane of content and the plane of expression in the formation of utterances out of the stocks of words as part of the process of speech production

*to disclose and formulate the regularities of the correspondence between the plane of content and the plane of expression in the formation of utterances out of the stocks of words as part of the process of speech production

What fundamental types of relations of lingual units do you know?

syntactic and paratactic relations

syndetic and asyndetic relations

*syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations

syntagmatic, pragmatic, and paradigmatic relations

What are syntagmatic relations?

*immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string)

partly linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string)

indifferent linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string)

partially linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string)

What is the syntactic syntagma?

*The combination of two words or word-groups that form a unit

The combination of two words or word groups that form a sentence

The combination of two words or word-groups that form a paragraph

The combination of three words or word-groups that form a unit

What types of notional syntagmata do you know?

predicative (the combination of a subject and a predicate); objective (the combination of a verb and its object)

*predicative (the combination of a subject and a predicate); objective (the combination of a verb and its object); attributive (the combination of a noun and its attribute);

adverbial (the combination of a modified notional word, such as a verb, adjective, or adverb, with its adverbial)

predicative (the combination of a subject and a predicate); objective (the combination of a verb and its object); attributive (the combination of a noun and its attribute).

subjective (the combination of a subject and a predicate); objective (the combination of a verb and its object); attributive (the combination of a noun and its attribute);

adverbial (the combination of a modified notional word, such as a verb, adjective, or adverb, with its adverbial)

What does syntagmatics study?

syntactic relations

syntagmatic and syntactic relations

*syntagmatic relations

syntagmatic and syndetic relations

What are paradigmatic relations?

those, which exist between elements of the system inside the strings where they co-occur

those, which exist beside elements of the system inside the strings where they co-occur

those, which exist beside elements of the system outside the strings where they co-occur

*those, which exist between elements of the system outside the strings where they co-occur

How do paradigmatic relations coexist with syntagmatic ones?

in such a way that some sort of syntagmatic connection is unnecessary for the realization of any paradigmatic series

*in such a way that some sort of syntagmatic connection is necessary for the realization of any paradigmatic series

in such a way that some sort of syntagmatic connection is unnecessary for the realization of any syntagmatic and paradigmatic series

in such a way that some sort of syntagmatic connection is necessary for the realization of any syntagmatic and paradigmatic series

What does the minimal paradigm consist of?

a form stage

*two form stages

two forms

a form

How has language been studied since the late 19th century?

as a system of signs or meaningful units, which are closely related and interconnected

as a system of signs or meaningful units, which are closely related and connected

*as a system of signs or meaningful units, which are closely interrelated and interconnected

as a system of signs or meaningful units, which are closely interrelated and connected

Who began studying language as a system of signs or meaningful units?

Russian scholar Beadoin de Courtenay

French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure

Russian scholar Beadoin de Courtenay and the French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure

*Russian scholar Beadoin de Courtenay

What compulsory constituents does language imply?

*lingual units and hierarchy of lingual levels

lingual units, segmental units, and hierarchy of lingual levels

segmental units and hierarchy of lingual levels

lingual units, supra segmental units, and hierarchy of lingual levels

How are units of language divided?

into segmental, semi segmental, and supra segmental

into semi segmental and supra segmental

*into segmental and supra segmental

into segmental and semi segmental

What are the segmental units of language?

Segmental units consist of words and they form syntactic strings of sentences.

Segmental units consist of morphemes and they form phonemic strings of syllables.

Segmental units consist of phrasemes and they form phonemic strings of various status.

*Segmental units consist of phonemes and they form phonemic strings of various status syllables, morphemes, words, etc.

What forms a hierarchy of levels in language?

The supra segmental units of language

*The segmental units of language

The segmental and supra segmental levels of language

The segmental levels of language

What are the supra segmental units of language?

Supra segmental units exist and realized together with other syntactic units and express various modification meanings (functions) that are reflected on the strings of segmental units.

Supra segmental units exist and realized together with other phonemic units and express various modification meanings (functions) that are reflected on the strings of segmental units.

*Supra segmental units do not exist by themselves, but are realized together with segmental units and express various modification meanings (functions) that are reflected on the strings of segmental units.

Supra segmental units exist by themselves, but they are not realized together with segmental units and express various modification meanings (functions) that are reflected on the strings of segmental units.

What are the levels in hierarchy of levels of the segmental units of language?

*The lowest level of lingual segments is phonemic; The level located above the phonemic one is the morphemic level; The third level in the segmental lingual hierarchy is the level of words, or lexemic level; The next higher level is the level of phrases (word-groups), or phrasemic level; The level of sentences or proposemic level lies above the phrasemic level.

The lowest level of lingual segments is morphemic; The level located above the morphemic one is the phonemic level; The third level in the segmental lingual hierarchy is the level of words, or lexemic level; The next higher level is the level of phrases (word-groups), or phrasemic level; The level of sentences or proposemic level lies above the phrasemic level.

The lowest level of lingual segments is phonemic; The level located above the phonemic one is the morphemic level; The third level in the segmental lingual hierarchy is the level of words, or lexemic level; The next higher level is the level of phrases (word-groups), or proposemic level; The level of sentences or phrasemic level lies above the proposemic level.

The lowest level of lingual segments is phonemic; The level located above the phonemic one is the morphemic level; The third level in the segmental lingual hierarchy is the level of phrases (word-groups), or phrasemic level; The next higher level is the level of words, or lexemic level; The level of sentences or proposemic level lies above the phrasemic level.

What is the lowest level of lingual segments?

Morphemic

graphic

phrasemic

*phonemic

What is the phonemic level formed by?

Morphemes

words

word combinations

*phonemes

What meaning does the phoneme have?

pure differential

*does not have any meaning

notional

semi-notional

What is the phoneme’s function?

purely differential; it differentiates morphemes as material bodies.

purely differential; it differentiates phonemes as material bodies.

*purely differential; it differentiates morphemes and words as material bodies.

purely differential; it differentiates morphemes and phonemes as material bodies.

Which statement is true?

Since the phoneme does not have any meaning, it is a sign.

*Since the phoneme does not have any meaning, it is not a sign.

Since the phoneme has notional meaning, it is not a sign.

Since the phoneme has notional meaning, it is a sign.

Which statement is true?

*The level located above the phonemic one is the morphemic level.

The level located above the phonemic one is the phrasemic level.

The level located above the phonemic one is the proposemic level.

The level located above the phonemic one is the supra-proposemic level.

Which statement is true?

The morpheme is the highest meaningful part of the word.

*The morpheme is the elementary meaningful part of the word.

The morpheme is the purely meaningful part of the word.

The morpheme is the purely differential part of the word.

What is the morphemic level built up by?

by morphemes, so that the shortest morphemes include only one phoneme

*by phonemes, so that the shortest morphemes include only one phoneme

by sounds, so that the shortest morphemes include only one phoneme

by letters, so that the shortest morphemes include only one phoneme

What is the word as a notion?

a predicative unit of language: it names things and their relations

a predicative unit of language: it names actions and their relations

*a directly naming (nominative) unit of language: it names things and their relations

a directly naming (nominative) unit of language: it names actions and their relations

What does the word consist of?

*one explicit morpheme only

one explicit word only

one explicit phoneme only

one explicit sound only

Where does the phrasemic level lie?

*above the lexemic level

above the proposemic level

above the supra-proposemic level

above the phrasemic level

What is the phrasemic level?

combinations of two or more morphemes, forming nominative function and representing the referent of nomination as a complicated phenomenon

*combinations of two or more notional words, forming nominative function and representing the referent of nomination as a complicated phenomenon

combinations of two or more sentences, forming nominative function and representing the referent of nomination as a complicated phenomenon

combinations of two or more phrases, forming nominative function and representing the referent of nomination as a complicated phenomenon

Where does the level of sentences or proposemic level lie?

above the supra-proposemic level

above the proposemic level

above the lexemic level

*above the phrasemic level

What does the peculiar character of the proposeme consist of?

the fact that, naming a certain situation, it expresses nomination, that is, it shows the relation of the denoted event to reality

*the fact that, naming a certain situation, it expresses predication, that is, it shows the relation of the denoted event to reality

the fact that, naming a certain situation, it expresses nomination, that is, it shows the relation of the denoted event to the subject

the fact that, naming a certain situation, it expresses predication, that is, it shows the relation of the denoted event to the subject

What is the level of sentence-groups?

*supra-proposemic level

proposemic level

supra-phrasal level

supra-lexemic level

What is the supra-sentential construction?

a combination of separate sentences forming a sentential unity

a combination of separate words forming a textual unity

a combination of separate words forming a sentential unity

*a combination of separate sentences forming a textual unity

What does the supra-sentential construction in the typed text commonly coincide with?

the sentence

the phrase

*the paragraph

the word

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: She checked into the Hilton Hotel and steamed out her one good dress over the hot tub contain?

*eleven

twelve

ten

thirteen

What does language in the narrow sense denote?

the manifestation of the system of language in the process of communication

*a system of means of expression

the manifestation of the system of means of expression

the system of language in the process of communication

What does speech in the narrow sense denote?

a system of means of expression

the manifestation of the system of means of expression

*the manifestation of the system of language in the process of communication

the system of language in the process of communication

Which pair represents an oppositional pair of the language–speech dichotomy?

*ideal-real

ideal-actual

ideal-potential

ideal-general

Which pair represents an oppositional pair of the language–speech dichotomy?

ideal-potential

ideal-general

ideal-actual

*general-concrete

Which pair represents an oppositional pair of the language–speech dichotomy?

ideal-general

*potential-actual

ideal-actual

ideal-potential

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: I went into his shop one evening, told him who I was, and reminded him of our first meeting contain?

fifteen

thirteen

twelve

*fourteen

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: He timed it so they arrived at the colony of old in Turku a few minutes, before the noon rendezvous with the Russian contain?

*twelve

thirteen

eleven

Ten

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: Once you’re outside you, can’t get back, she went on at me contain?

four

*five

six

Seven

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: As soon as the machine had landed he jumped out, dipping his head to escape the rotor which was still revolving slowly contain?

nine

*ten

eleven

Eight

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: Often while walking abroad, when he happened also to come out of himself, he had such moments of dreadful and sane mistrust of mankind contain?

*twelve

ten

eleven

Nine

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: One evening, three days before the Guildhall Banquet, he sent word that he wanted to see me for a moment contain?

eight

*nine

ten

Eleven

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: He had noticed the brown Buick, a big job, which had followed the tram and then parked contain?

twelve

nine

eleven

*ten

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: His real abilities, which were mainly of an administrative order, were combined with an adventurous disposition contain?

ten

*nine

eleven

Eight

How many notional syntagmata does the sentence: You know I was a straight man I tell you they had to fetch a shovel to gather him up with contain?

eleven

twelve

*thirteen

Fourteen

What type of syntagma is real abilities?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is had noticed the Buick?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is happened also?

predicative

objective

attributive

*adverbial

What type of syntagma is the machine had landed?

*predicative

objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is then parked?

predicative

objective

attributive

*adverbial

What type of syntagma is had followed the tram?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is administrative order?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is straight man?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is were combined with a disposition?

predicative

objective

attributive

*adverbial

What type of syntagma is adventurous disposition?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is a big job?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is wanted to see me?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is he wanted to see?

*predicative

objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is wanted to see for a moment?

predicative

objective

attributive

*adverbial

What type of syntagma is there was in?

predicative

objective

attributive

*adverbial

What type of syntagma is such situation?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is a distinct advantage?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is gave him?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is gave a standing?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is confessed a standing?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is gave publicly?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is it gave?

*predicative

objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is standing in a sphere?

predicative

objective

attributive

*adverbial

What type of syntagma is that sphere?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is saved him?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is Mr Verloc had unconfessed?

*predicative

objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is had unconfessed relations?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is on the contrary had unconfessed?

predicative

objective

attributive

*adverbial

What type of syntagma is made him familiar?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is careless of the police?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is he found?

*predicative

objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is found him?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is found with pen in hand?

predicative

objective

attributive

*adverbial

What type of syntagma is great table?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is worshipping an inkstand?

predicative

*objective

attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is enormous inkstand?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is double inkstand?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is inkstand of crystal?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is inkstand of bronze?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

What type of syntagma is a bestrewn with papers?

predicative

objective

*attributive

Adverbial

Which unit do you identify as a language one?

*sentence

phrase

utterance

word-form

Which unit do you identify as a speech one?

sentence

*utterance

morpheme

Word

Which unit do you identify as a language one?

*phoneme

utterance

discourse

Text

Which unit do you identify as a speech one?

morpheme

*phrase

lexeme

Word

Which unit do you identify as a language one?

allophone

word-form

*phraseme

Allomorph

Which unit do you identify as a speech one?

sentence

texteme

proposeme

*allophone

Which unit do you identify as a language one?

*super-phrasal unity

allomorph

discourse

Utterance

Which unit do you identify as a speech one?

supra-proposeme

*word-form

texteme

Sentence

Which unit do you identify as a language one?

discourse

phrase

*word

Text

Which unit do you identify as a speech one?

word

*text

texteme

super-phrasal unity

Which unit do you identify as a language one?

allophone

discourse

*lexeme

Text

Which unit do you identify as a speech one?

phoneme

*allomorph

sentence

Phraseme

Theme 2: Morphemic Structure of the Word

What is morphology?

*the study of the internal construction of words and of building elements used to form composite words or grammatical units

the study of the external construction of words and of building elements used to form composite words or grammatical units

the study of the external construction of words and of building elements used to form sentences

the study of the internal construction of words and of building elements used to form sentences

What are the segmental units of morphology?

the morpheme and the phoneme

*the morpheme and the word

the morpheme and the sentence

the morpheme, the word, and the phrase

What is the morpheme?

a part of the sentence because it functions only as the corresponding constituent part of the word as a whole

*a part of the word because it functions only as the corresponding constituent part of the word as a whole

a part of the word because it functions only as the corresponding constituent part of the sentence as a whole

a part of the nomination because it functions only as the corresponding constituent part of the word as a whole

What is the morpheme?

*the minimal, indivisible meaningful unit, which is the base for words or word-forms formation

the minimal, but divisible meaningful unit, which is the base for words or word-forms formation

the minimal, indivisible but not meaningful unit, which is the base for words or word-forms formation

the minimal, indivisible meaningful unit, which is the base for phonemes formation

How would you define the word as a notion?

The word is the minimal, indivisible unit of language formed by morphemes, the language’s elementary component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function.

The word is a nominative unit of language formed by phonemes, the language’s elementary component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function.

*The word is a nominative unit of language formed by morphemes, the language’s elementary component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function.

The word is a nominative unit of language formed by morphemes, the language’s elementary component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its auxiliary function.

What are the two basic criteria in the study of the morphemic structure of the word?

semantic or functional, pragmatic, and structural

*semantic or functional and structural

semantic or functional, paradigmatic, and structural

pragmatic and structural

Would you divide morphemes according to the structural criterion?

*based on morphemes form representation: zero morphemes, positive morphemes; according to morphemes apartness: free morphemes, bound morphemes,

semi-bound or semi-free morphemes

based on morphemes form representation: zero morphemes, positive morphemes, negative morphemes; according to morphemes apartness: free morphemes, bound morphemes,

semi-bound or semi-free morphemes

based on morphemes form representation: zero morphemes, positive morphemes; according to morphemes apartness: free morphemes, dependent morphemes, bound morphemes,

semi-bound or semi-free morphemes

based on morphemes form representation: zero morphemes, positive morphemes, negative morphemes; according to morphemes apartness: free morphemes, dependent morphemes, bound morphemes,

semi-bound or semi-free morphemes

What is the division of morphemes according to the semantic/functional criterion?

three major groups: lexical morphemes, grammatical morphemes, affixal morphemes; affixal morphemes are subdivided into: phonetic morphemes, lexical-grammatical morphemes,

grammatical morphemes

two major groups: lexical morphemes, affixal morphemes; affixal morphemes are subdivided into: phonetic morphemes, lexical-grammatical morphemes,

grammatical morphemes

two major groups: lexical morphemes and affixal morphemes.

*two major groups: lexical morphemes, affixal morphemes; affixal morphemes are subdivided into: lexical-grammatical morphemes,

grammatical morphemes

Which statement is true?

*The root according to the positional content of the term, that is, the border-area between prefixes and suffixes, is compulsory for any word, while affixes are not compulsory.

The root according to the notional content of the term, that is, the border-area between prefixes and suffixes, is compulsory for any word, while affixes are not compulsory.

The root according to the positional content of the term, that is, the border-area between prefixes and suffixes, is not compulsory for any word, while affixes are compulsory.

The root according to the notional content of the term, that is, the border-area between prefixes and suffixes, is not compulsory for any word, while affixes are compulsory.

What is the abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word?

R + L + Gr

R + Gr

*Pr + R + L + Gr

Pr + R + L

What are the types of hierarchic structure of the common English word?

the original prefix stem; the original root stem; the original suffix stem

*the original prefix stem; the original suffix stem

the original root stem; the original suffix stem

the original prefix stem; the original root stem;

What morphemic word structures of the common English word has Blokh proposed to use?

W = {[(Pr + R) + L] + Gr}

W = {[Pr + (R + L)] + Gr}

W = {[R + L] + Gr}; W = {[(Pr + R) + L] + Gr}

*W = {[Pr + (R + L)] + Gr}; W = {[(Pr + R) + L] + Gr}

Which underlined morpheme is a bound one?

*translation

struggling

underlined

Will

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

*can

daddy

looked

Mistrust

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

misunderstand

*friends

retreat

Fortunately

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

overdid

might

*fortunes

dare to

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

making

misadvise

*should

Traveled

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

misfortune

dangerous

*overworked

Missed

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

*misstep

colorful

computerized

Could

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

television

printer

*would

Speaking

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

jumping

must

cluster

*memorized

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

overturned

ought to

clever

*muting

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

*may

toyed

Queensland

curiosity

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

memory

figured

*unprepared

Can

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

*recounted

be able to

money

Banking

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

running

*shall

olives

Overact

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

baked

will

*sheep

Overoptimistic

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

*salted

do

programming

Undenominational

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

underlining

*did

overcoat

Undeniable

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

inauguration

*done

tied

co-resident

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

disorganized

have

*collaboration

Resident

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

laughing

*would

collision

Residing

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

overburden

should

*shoes

Ambiguous

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

miscounted

ought to

overcooked

*unbelievable

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

illumination

*need

undercooked

Mistrustful

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

misapplication

could

*cook

Denomination

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

*misbehave

can

lovers

Mistress

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

overcomplicated

*may

misappropriation

Disillusionment

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

overoptimism

might

unabbreviated

*sushi

Which of the underlined morphemes is a bound one?

*ripping

be able to

unable

Noodles

Which of the underlined morphemes is a semi-bound one?

making

*could

enable

Potatoes

Which of the underlined morphemes is a free one?

loving

shall

unbinding

*cucumbers

Theme 3: Categorial Structure of the Word

What is the grammatical structure of a language?

the opposition of units in any language

the classification of units in any language

*the way of organization of units in any language

the way of development of units in any language

What is the grammatical category?

*a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms

a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of pragmatic interaction of grammatical forms

a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of pragmatic negation of grammatical forms

a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic opposition of grammatical forms

What means are employed for building up member forms of categorial oppositions?

synthetic, neutral, and analytic

synthetic, semi-synthetic, and bound

analytic, semi-analytic, and bound

*synthetic and analytic

How are synthetic grammatical forms realized?

*Inner inflexion, outer inflexion, and suppletivity form synthetic grammatical forms.

Inner inflexion and suppletivity form synthetic grammatical forms.

Inner inflexion and outer inflexion form synthetic grammatical forms.

Outer inflexion and suppletivity form synthetic grammatical forms.

What is the structure of an analytic grammatical form?

a combination of at least three words where one is a basic one and the others are auxiliary words

a combination of at least three words where two are the basic ones and the other is an auxiliary word

*a combination of at least two words where one is a basic one and the other is an auxiliary word

an auxiliary word

Theme 4: Grammatical Classes of Words

What are the traditional grammatically relevant classes of words called?

*parts of speech

parts of sentence

members of speech

parts of sentence

How do parts of speech divide in traditional linguistics?

*according to semantic, formal, and functional criteria

according to semantic and functional criteria

according to formal and functional criteria

according to semantic, formal, and pragmatic criteria

What are the principles of parts of speech discrimination?

semantic and functional

semantic, formal, syntactic, and functional

formal and functional

*semantic, formal, and functional

What does the semantic criterion mean?

the coordination of the generalized meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech

the combination of the generalized meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech

*the evaluation of the generalized meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech

the contradiction of the generalized meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech

What does the formal criterion mean?

the exposition of the specific derivational or word-building features of all the lexemic subsets of a part of speech

the exposition of the specific inflexional and derivational features of all the lexemic subsets of a part of speech

the exposition of the specific inflexional and word-building features of all the lexemic subsets of a part of speech

*the exposition of the specific inflexional and derivational, or word-building features of all the lexemic subsets of a part of speech

What does the functional criterion presuppose?

the synthetic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech

*the syntactic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech

the analytic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech

the syntagmatic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech

How are words on the upper level of classification classified?

*into notional and functional ones

into notional, semi-notional, and functional ones

into semi-notional and functional ones

into notional and semi-functional ones

What belongs to the notional parts of speech in English?

the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, and the adverb

the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, and the adverb

*the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, and the adverb

the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, and the adverb

What are the features of the noun?

the categorial meaning of substance or thingness; the changeable forms of number and case; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

the substantive functions in the sentence, that is, subject, object, substantival predicative

*the categorial meaning of substance or thingness; the changeable forms of number and case; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

the substantive functions in the sentence, that is, subject, object, substantival predicative; prepositional connection; modification by an adjective

the categorial meaning of substance or thingness; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

the substantive functions in the sentence, that is, subject, object, substantival predicative; prepositional connection; modification by an adjective

the categorial meaning of substance or thingness; the changeable forms of number and case; prepositional connection; modification by an adjective

What are the features of the adjective?

the categorial meaning of the property, qualitative and relative; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

adjectival functions in the sentence, that is, attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative, modification by a noun

*the categorial meaning of the property, qualitative and relative; the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adjectives; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

adjectival functions in the sentence, that is, attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative, modification by a noun

the categorial meaning of the property, qualitative and relative; the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adjectives;

adjectival functions in the sentence, that is, attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative, modification by a noun

the categorial meaning of the property, qualitative and relative; the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adjectives; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

What are the features of the numeral?

the categorial meaning of number, cardinal and ordinal; the specific forms of composition for compound numerals; the specific suffix forms of derivation for ordinal numerals;

the functions of numerical attribute and numerical substantive

the categorial meaning of number, cardinal and ordinal; the narrow set of simple numerals; the specific forms of composition for compound numerals; the specific suffix forms of derivation for ordinal numerals;

the functions of numerical attribute and numerical substantive

*the categorial meaning of number, cardinal and ordinal; the narrow set of simple numerals; the specific forms of composition for compound numerals; the specific suffix forms of derivation for ordinal numerals;

the functions of numerical attribute and numerical substantive

the categorial meaning of number, cardinal and ordinal; the narrow set of simple numerals; the specific forms of composition for compound numerals; the specific suffix forms of derivation for ordinal numerals

What are the features of the pronoun?

*the categorial meaning of indication, that is, deixis; the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-building; the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets

the categorial meaning of indication, that is, deixis; the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets

the categorial meaning of indication, that is, deixis; the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-building

the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-building; the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets

What are the features of the verb?

the categorial meaning of process, both finite and non-finite;

the forms of the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms;

the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb

the categorial meaning of process, both finite and non-finite;

the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb; the mixed verbal – other than verbal functions for the non-finite verb

the categorial meaning of process, both finite and non-finite;

the forms of the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms;

the mixed verbal – other than verbal functions for the non-finite verb

*the categorial meaning of process, both finite and non-finite;

the forms of the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms;

the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb; the mixed verbal – other than verbal functions for the non-finite verb

What are the features of the adverb?

*the categorial meaning of the secondary property, that is the property of process or another property; the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

the functions of various adverbials

the categorial meaning of the secondary property, that is the property of process or another property; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

the functions of various adverbials

the categorial meaning of the secondary property, that is the property of process or another property; the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs

the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs; the specific suffix forms of derivation;

the functions of various adverbials

What are functional parts of speech?

words of complete nominative meaning and non-self-dependent, mediatory functions in the sentence

*words of incomplete nominative meaning and non-self-dependent, mediatory functions in the sentence

words of complete nominative meaning and self-dependent, mediatory functions in the sentence

words of incomplete nominative meaning and self-dependent, mediatory functions in the sentence

What does the set of functional parts of speech include?

the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, and the interjection

the article, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection, and words of affirmation and negation

*the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection, and words of affirmation and negation

the article, the preposition, the particle, the modal word, the interjection, and words of affirmation and negation

What does the article express?

*the specific limitation of the substantive function

specifying and limiting meaning

a signal of emotions

the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts

What does the preposition express?

the specific limitation of the substantive function

the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts

connections of phenomena

*the dependencies and interdependencies of substantive referents

What does the conjunction express?

affirmation and negation

*connections of phenomena

a signal of emotions

a signal of specifying and limiting meaning

What does the particle express?

It unites a signal of emotions

It unites affirmation and negation

*It unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning.

It unites connections of phenomena

What does the modal word express?

*the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts

specifying and limiting meaning

affirmation and negation

a signal of emotions

What does the interjection express?

a signal of affirmation and negation

a signal of specifying and limiting meaning

*a signal of emotions

a signal of connections of phenomena

What do words of affirmation and negation express?

person’s relation with an utterance

person’s relation with a sentence

person’s attitude towards a sentence

*person’s attitude towards an utterance

Which statement is true?

*American linguists L. Bloomfield, Ch. Fries, and Z. Harris have proposed another principle of word-class identification.

German linguists L. Bloomfield, Ch. Fries, and Z. Harris have proposed another principle of word-class identification.

German linguists L. Bloomfield, Ch. Fries, and Z. Harris have proposed another principle of phrase-class identification.

American linguists L. Bloomfield, Ch. Fries, and Z. Harris have proposed another principle of phrase-class identification.

What is the syntactic-distributional classification of words based on?

on the study of their composition by means of substitution testing

*on the study of their combinability by means of substitution testing

on the study of their composition by means of combinability testing

on the study of their combinability by means of composition testing

What are the frames in the syntactic-distributional classification of words?

actor–action–thing acted upon–characteristic of the action; actor–action–direction of the action

name and its quality at a given time; actor–action–thing acted upon–characteristic of the action

name and its quality at a given time; actor–action–thing acted upon–characteristic of the action; actor–action–direction of the action

*thing and its quality at a given time; actor–action–thing acted upon–characteristic of the action; actor–action–direction of the action

Which four classes do all notional words form?

nouns and their substitutes; adjectives and their substitutes; adverbs

*nouns and their substitutes; verbs; adjectives and their substitutes; adverbs

verbs; adjectives and their substitutes; adverbs

nouns and their substitutes; verbs; adjectives and their substitutes;

What is the narrower principle of word-class identification based on the syntactic featuring of words only?

the distributional classification of words

the syntactic classification of words

*the syntactic-distributional classification of words

the syntactic-distributional classification of words

Would you clarify the three main sets of the identified groups of functional words?

*the first set – specifiers of notional words; the second set functions as interposition elements, determining the relations of notional words to one another; the words of the third set refer to the sentence as a whole

the first set – specifiers of functional words; the second set functions as interposition elements, determining the relations of notional words to one another; the words of the third set refer to the sentence as a whole

the first set – specifiers of notional words; the second set functions as postposition elements, determining the relations of notional words to one another; the words of the third set refer to the sentence as a whole

the first set – specifiers of notional words; the second set functions as interposition elements, determining the relations of notional words to one another; the words of the third set refer to the contents as a whole

What is the similarity of syntactic-distributional classification of words and traditional parts of speech division of words?

They both present the four cardinal classes of notional words, since numerals and pronouns do not have positional functions of their own and serve as pro-nounal and pro-adjectival elements, the interpretation of functional words as syntactic mediators and their formal representation by the list.

They both present the opposition of notional and functional words, since numerals and pronouns do not have positional functions of their own and serve as pro-nounal and pro-adjectival elements, the interpretation of functional words as syntactic mediators and their formal representation by the list.

*They both present the opposition of notional and functional words, the four cardinal classes of notional words, since numerals and pronouns do not have positional functions of their own and serve as pro-nounal and pro-adjectival elements, the interpretation of functional words as syntactic mediators and their formal representation by the list.

They both present the opposition of notional and functional words, the four cardinal classes of notional words, since numerals and pronouns do not have positional functions of their own and serve as pro-nounal and pro-adjectival elements.

Which statement is true?

*On the upper level of classification, the entire lexicon can be divided into three unequal parts.

On the upper level of classification, the entire lexicon can be divided into four unequal parts.

On the upper level of classification, the entire lexicon can be divided into five unequal parts.

On the upper level of classification, the entire lexicon can be divided into two unequal parts.

Which statement is true?

The first part of the lexicon represents a closed set including an indefinitely large number of notional words, each of them with a complete nominative function.

*The first part of the lexicon represents an open set including an indefinitely large number of notional words, each of them with a complete nominative function.

The first part of the lexicon represents an open set including an indefinitely large number of functional words, each of them with a complete nominative function.

The first part of the lexicon represents a closed set including an indefinitely large number of functional words, each of them with a complete nominative function.

Which statement is true?

These words can be referred to as pro-names: nouns as substance names, verbs as process names, adjectives as primary property names, and adverbs as secondary property names.

These words can be referred to as action words: nouns as substance names, verbs as process names, adjectives as primary property names, and adverbs as secondary property names.

*These words can be referred to as names: nouns as substance names, verbs as process names, adjectives as primary property names, and adverbs as secondary property names.

These words can be referred to as functional words: nouns as substance names, verbs as process names, adjectives as primary property names, and adverbs as secondary property names.

Which statement is true?

The second part of the lexicon forms an open set including substitutes of names or pro-names.

*The second part of the lexicon forms a closed set including substitutes of names or pro-names.

The second part of the lexicon forms an open set including names or pro-names.

The second part of the lexicon forms a closed set including names or pro-names.

Which statement is true?

The third part of the lexicon also forms an open set including substitutes of names or pro-names.

The third part of the lexicon also forms an open set including specifiers of names.

The third part of the lexicon also forms a closed set including substitutes of names or pro-names.

*The third part of the lexicon also forms a closed set including specifiers of names.

Which statement is true?

*Substitutes of names serve as connecting links between the names within the lexicon and their actual uses in the sentences of living speech.

Substitutes of names serve as specifiers of names.

Substitutes of names serve as substitutes of names or pro-names.

Substitutes of names serve as connecting links between the names within the lexicon and their pro-names.

Theme 5: Noun

Which statement is true?

The noun as a part of sentence has the categorial meaning of substance or thingness.

*The noun as a part of speech has the categorial meaning of substance or thingness.

The noun as a member of speech has the categorial meaning of substance or thingness.

The noun as a member of sentence has the categorial meaning of substance or thingness.

Which statement is true?

The noun is the main functional part of speech, effecting nomination of the fullest value within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon.

The noun is the main functional part of speech, effecting its auxiliary nomination within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon.

The noun is the main nominative part of speech, effecting its auxiliary nomination within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon.

*The noun is the main nominative part of speech, effecting nomination of the fullest value within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon.

What is the categorial meaning of the noun as a part of speech?

process

*substance or thingness

property

substance and thingness

What kinds of nounal subclasses do you know?

*proper and common; animate and inanimate; human and non-human; countable and uncountable; concrete and abstract

proper and common; animate and inanimate; human and non-human; countable and uncountable

proper and common; animate and inanimate; countable and uncountable; concrete and abstract

personal and common; animate and inanimate; human and non-human; countable and uncountable; concrete and abstract

Which statement is true?

*The first nounal subclass opposition differentiates proper and common nouns. The foundation of this division is type of nomination.

The first nounal subclass opposition differentiates animate and inanimate nouns based on quantitative structure.

The first nounal subclass opposition differentiates countable and uncountable nouns based on personal quality.

The first nounal subclass opposition differentiates human and non-human nouns because of form of existence.

Which statement is true?

The second subclass opposition differentiates proper and common nouns. The foundation of this division is personal quality.

*The second subclass opposition differentiates animate and inanimate nouns based on form of existence.

The second subclass opposition differentiates human and non-human nouns because of quantitative structure.

The second subclass opposition differentiates countable and uncountable nouns based on type of nomination.

Which statement is true?

The third subclass opposition differentiates countable and uncountable nouns based on type of nomination.

The third subclass opposition differentiates animate and inanimate nouns based on quantitative structure.

*The third subclass opposition differentiates human and non-human nouns because of personal quality.

The third subclass opposition differentiates proper and common nouns. The foundation of this division is form of existence.

Which statement is true?

The fourth subclass opposition differentiates animate and inanimate nouns based on personal quality.

The fourth subclass opposition differentiates human and non-human nouns because of type of nomination.

The fourth subclass opposition differentiates proper and common nouns. The foundation of this division is form of existence.

*The fourth subclass opposition differentiates countable and uncountable nouns based on quantitative structure.

Which statement is true?

*The fifth somewhat less explicitly and rigorously realized is the division of English nouns into concrete and abstract ones.

The fifth somewhat less explicitly and rigorously realized opposition differentiates proper and common nouns. The foundation of this division is form of existence.

The fifth somewhat less explicitly and rigorously realized opposition differentiates countable and uncountable nouns based on quantitative structure.

The fifth somewhat less explicitly and rigorously realized opposition differentiates animate and inanimate nouns based on type of nomination.

What categories does the noun have on the grounds of formal criterion?

five grammatical morphological categories – number, case, gender, finitude, and article determination

*four grammatical morphological categories – number, case, gender, and article determination

five grammatical morphological categories – number, case, time, gender, and article determination

four grammatical morphological categories – number, case, gender, and finitude

What categories does the noun have?

number, case, and article determination

*number, case, gender, and article determination

number, case, and gender

number and case

What do scholars call common gender nouns?

incapable of expressing both feminine and masculine person genders by way of the pronominal correlation in question

*capable of expressing both feminine and masculine person genders by way of the pronominal correlation in question

capable of expressing both feminine and neutral person genders by way of the pronominal correlation in question

capable of expressing both neutral and masculine person genders by way of the pronominal correlation in question

What is modern scholars’ attitude towards the existence of category of gender in English?

The category of gender does not exist in English as it had disappeared because of the mistake in some English grammars.

The category of gender does not exist in English as it had disappeared because of the decay of nounal roots at the end of the middle English period.

The category of gender does not exist in English as it never existed.

*The category of gender does not exist in English as it had disappeared because of the decay of nounal inflexions at the end of the middle English period.

What does the grammatical morphological category of substantive number express?

the qualitiveness that reflects objective quantity of things

the quantitiveness and qualitiveness that reflects objective quantity of things

*the quantitiveness that reflects objective quantity of things

the qualitiveness that reflects objective quality of things

What is nounal division according to the quantitative characteristics?

*into countable and uncountable nouns

into personal and impersonal nouns

into proper and common nouns

into concrete and abstract nouns

How is the category of substantive number realized in modern English?

The category of substantive number is realized only within the subclass of uncountable nouns.

The category of substantive number is realized only within the subclass of proper nouns.

*The category of substantive number is realized only within the subclass of countable nouns.

The category of substantive number is realized only within the subclass of common nouns.

How is the category of number expressed in modern English?

through the connection of the plural, marked/strong form of the noun to the singular, unmarked/weak form of the noun

*through the opposition of the plural, marked/strong form of the noun to the singular, unmarked/weak form of the noun

through the connection of the plural, marked/strong form of the adjective to the singular, unmarked/weak form of the noun

through the opposition of the plural, marked/strong form of the adjective to the singular, unmarked/weak form of the noun

What are the non-productive ways of expressing the number opposition in modern English?

vowel interchange; the correlation of individual singular and plural suffixes in a limited number of borrowed nouns; the plural form of the noun is homonymous with the singular form

*vowel interchange; the archaic suffix -(e)n supported by phonemic interchange in a couple of other relict forms; the correlation of individual singular and plural suffixes in a limited number of borrowed nouns; the plural form of the noun is homonymous with the singular form

the archaic suffix -(e)n supported by phonemic interchange in a couple of other relict forms; the correlation of individual singular and plural suffixes in a limited number of borrowed nouns; the plural form of the noun is homonymous with the singular form

the correlation of individual singular and plural suffixes in a limited number of borrowed nouns; the plural form of the noun is homonymous with the singular form

What is the grammatical morphological category of substantive case?

*the immanent morphological category of the noun manifested in the forms of noun declension and showing the relations of the nounal referent to other objects and phenomena

the immanent morphological category of the adverb manifested in the forms of adverb declension and showing the relations of the adverbial referent to other objects and phenomena

the immanent morphological category of the verb manifested in the forms of verb declension and showing the relations of the verbal referent to other objects and phenomena

the immanent morphological category of the adjective manifested in the forms of adjective declension and showing the relations of the adjectival referent to other objects and phenomena

What subtypes of the genitive case in modern English do you know?

the word-possessive and the phrase-genitive

the word-genitive and the phrase-possessive

*the word-genitive and the phrase-genitive

the word- possessive and the phrase-possessive

What is the genitive of possessor?

the destination or function of the referent of the head-noun

*the idea of belonging inherent in the form

a broad possessional relation of a whole to its part

adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

What is the genitive of integer?

some characteristic or qualification, not received but given by the genitive noun to the referent of the head-verb

adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

the destination or function of the referent of the head-noun

*a broad possessional relation of a whole to its part

What is the genitive of received qualification?

some characteristic or qualification, not received but given by the genitive noun to the referent of the head-verb

*a qualification received by the genitive referent through the head-word

adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

a broad possessional relation of a whole to its part

What is the genitive of agent?

*activity or some broader processual relation with the referent of the genitive as its subject

adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

the destination or function of the referent of the head-noun

a broad possessional relation of a whole to its part

What is the genitive of author?

*the producer of the referent of the head-noun

adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

a recipient of the action or process denoted by the head-noun

a broad possessional relation of a whole to its part

What is the genitive of patient?

some characteristic or qualification, not received but given by the genitive noun to the referent of the head-verb

the measure of quantity relation to the referent of the head-noun

the destination or function of the referent of the head-noun

*a recipient of the action or process denoted by the head-noun

What is the genitive of destination?

some characteristic or qualification, not received but given by the genitive noun to the referent of the head-verb

*the destination or function of the referent of the head-noun

a broad possessional relation of a whole to its part

a recipient of the action or process denoted by the head-noun

What is the genitive of dispensed qualification?

the measure of quantity relation to the referent of the head-noun

the idea of belonging inherent in the form

adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

*some characteristic or qualification, not received but given by the genitive noun to the referent of the head-verb

What is the genitive of adverbial?

*adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

the measure of quantity relation to the referent of the head-noun

the idea of belonging inherent in the form

adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

What is the genitive of quantity?

the idea of belonging inherent in the form

*the measure of quantity relation to the referent of the head-noun

adverbial factors relation to the referent of the head-noun

a recipient of the action or process denoted by the head-noun

Why do modern linguists prefer the term genitive case instead of the term possessive case?

The term genitive is more preferable by modern scholars as it is used more in world’s linguistics.

The term genitive is more preferable by modern scholars as the word genitive has Latin roots.

*The term genitive is more preferable by modern scholars as not all the meanings of the genitive case are possessive.

The term genitive is more preferable by modern scholars as it was invented by V.V. Vinogradov.

Which statement is true?

*English nouns can be determined by special functional words, called articles, and special pronominal words.

English nouns can be determined only by special pronominal words.

English nouns can be determined only by special functional words, called articles.

English nouns can be determined by special notional words, called articles, and special pronominal words.

Which statement is true?

Noun determiners function to group the nouns.

Noun determiners function to change the nouns.

Noun determiners function to mix the nouns.

* Noun determiners function to determine, identify, particularize, and specify the nouns.

Which statement is true?

The noun has the category of article determination, and all modern scholars agreed about the existence of the mentioned category.

The noun does not have the category of article determination, and it was never disputable among modern scholars.

*The noun has the category of article determination, although the existence of the mentioned category is very disputable among modern scholars.

The noun does not have the category of article determination, and all modern scholars agreed about the existence of the mentioned category.

What is an article?

a functional part of speech accompanying the noun or adjective in communicative collocation

*a functional part of speech accompanying the noun in communicative collocation

a notional part of speech accompanying the noun or adjective in communicative collocation

a notional part of speech accompanying the noun in communicative collocation

What does the definite article express?

the abstractness of the referent of the noun

*the identification or individualization of the referent of the noun

generalization of the referent of the noun

the abstractness or generalization of the referent of the noun

Which statement is true?

The use of the indefinite article shows that the object denoted possesses its concrete, individual quality.

The use of zero article shows that the object denoted possesses its concrete, individual quality.

*The use of the definite article shows that the object denoted possesses its concrete, individual quality.

The use of articles shows that the object denoted possesses its concrete, individual quality.

Which statement is true?

*The indefinite article, as different from the definite article, refers to the object denoted by the noun to a certain class of similar objects.

The definite article, as different from the indefinite article, refers to the object denoted by the noun to a certain class of similar objects.

The indefinite article, as different from zero articles, refers to the object denoted by the noun to a certain class of similar objects.

The definite article, as different from zero articles, refers to the object denoted by the noun to a certain class of similar objects.

Which statement is true?

The definite article expresses a classifying generalization of the nounal referent, possesses a relatively general sense.

*The indefinite article expresses a classifying generalization of the nounal referent, possesses a relatively general sense.

Zero article expresses a classifying generalization of the nounal referent, possesses a relatively general sense.

The indefinite article expresses a classifying realization of the nounal referent, possesses a relatively general sense.

How many types do uses of nouns without an article from the semantic point of view divide?

Uses of nouns without an article from the semantic point of view divide into two types.

Uses of nouns without an article from the semantic point of view divide into four types.

*Uses of nouns without an article from the semantic point of view divide into three types.

Uses of nouns without an article from the semantic point of view divide into five types.

Which statement is true?

The articles are deliberately omitted out by grammatical considerations in telegraphic speech, in titles and headlines and in various notices.

The articles are deliberately omitted out by lexical considerations in telegraphic speech, in titles and headlines and in various notices.

The articles are deliberately omitted out by phonetic considerations in telegraphic speech, in titles and headlines and in various notices.

*The articles are deliberately omitted out by stylistic considerations in telegraphic speech, in titles and headlines and in various notices.

Which statement is true?

*The noun is used without an article in various combination of fixed type, such as prepositional phrases, fixed verbal collocations, descriptive coordinative groups and repetition groups.

The noun is used without a definite article in various combination of fixed type, such as prepositional phrases, fixed verbal collocations, descriptive coordinative groups and repetition groups

The noun is used without an indefinite article in various combination of fixed type, such as prepositional phrases, fixed verbal collocations, descriptive coordinative groups and repetition groups

The noun is used without an article in various combination of non-fixed type, such as prepositional phrases, fixed verbal collocations, descriptive coordinative groups and repetition groups

Which statement is true?

The noun is used without an article if it is used in a definite sense, expressing the object denoted.

The noun is used without an article if it is used in a definite sense, expressing the most general idea of the object denoted.

*The noun is used without an article if it is used in an abstract sense, expressing the most general idea of the object denoted.

The noun is used without an article if it is used in a definite sense.

Theme 6: Verb

What is the verb as a notion?

Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech due to the central role it performs in the expression of the nominative functions of the sentence, that is, the functions establishing the connection between the situation or situational event, named in the utterance and reality.

*Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech due to the central role it performs in the expression of the predicative functions of the sentence, that is, the functions establishing the connection between the situation or situational event, named in the utterance and reality.

Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech due to the central role it performs in the expression of the adverbial functions of the sentence, that is, the functions establishing the connection between the situation or situational event, named in the utterance and reality.

Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech due to the central role it performs in the expression of the attributive functions of the sentence, that is, the functions establishing the connection between the situation or situational event, named in the utterance and reality.

What kinds of stems may verbs have depending on their specific forms of word building?

simple, stress-replacive, expanded, composite, and phrasal

simple, sound-replacive, expanded, composite, and phrasal

simple, sound-replacive, stress-replacive, composite, and phrasal

*simple, sound-replacive, stress-replacive, expanded, composite, and phrasal

What verbal subclasses on the upper level of division do you know?

The set of verbs of full nominative value (auxiliary verbs) and the set of verbs of partial nominative value (semi-notional and functional verbs)

The set of verbs of full nominative value (notional verbs) and the set of verbs of partial nominative value

*The set of verbs of full nominative value (notional verbs) and the set of verbs of partial nominative value (semi-notional and functional verbs)

The set of verbs of full nominative value (notional verbs) and the set of functional verbs

Would you explain the term notional verb?

a verb of semi-nominative value.

*a verb of full nominative value

a verb of full or semi-nominative value

a verb of full, semi-notional, and functional value

Would you define the classes of notional verbs according to the subject-process relation?

*According to the subject-process relation, all the notional verbs can be divided into action verbs and state ones.

According to the subject-process relation, all the notional verbs can be divided into action, neutral verbs, and state ones.

According to the subject-process relation, all the notional verbs can be divided into action, functional verbs, and state ones.

According to the subject-process relation, all the notional verbs can be divided into action, auxiliary verbs and state ones.

What is meant by the term verbs of partial nominative value?

Verbs of partial nominative value are markers of predication in the proper sense, since they show the opposition between the nominative content of the sentence and reality in the strictly specialized way. They include auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, semi-notional verbid introducer verbs, and link-verbs.

*Verbs of partial nominative value are markers of predication in the proper sense, since they show the connection between the nominative content of the sentence and reality in the strictly specialized way. They include auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, semi-notional verbid introducer verbs, and link-verbs.

Verbs of partial nominative value are markers of predication in the proper sense, since they show the connection between the nominative content of the sentence and reality in the strictly specialized way. They include modal verbs, semi-notional verbid introducer verbs, and link-verbs.

Verbs of partial nominative value are markers of predication in the proper sense, since they show the connection between the nominative content of the sentence and reality in the strictly specialized way. They include auxiliary verbs, semi-notional verbid introducer verbs, and link-verbs.

What are non-finite verbs/verbids?

Verbids in English – the infinitive, the gerund, the participle – are the forms of the verb intermediary in many of their lexical-grammatical features between the verb and the non-processual parts of speech.

Verbids in English – the infinitive, the gerund, the present participle and the future participle – are the forms of the verb intermediary in many of their lexical-grammatical features between the verb and the non-processual parts of speech.

Verbids in English – the infinitive, the gerund, the participle – are the forms of the verb intermediary in many of their lexical-grammatical features between the notional and auxiliary verb.

*Verbids in English – the infinitive, the gerund, the present participle and the past participle – are the forms of the verb intermediary in many of their lexical-grammatical features between the verb and the non-processual parts of speech.

What do finite forms of the verb express?

the nominative relations of substances and phenomena making up the situation reflected in the sentence

the quality relations of substances and phenomena making up the situation reflected in the sentence

*the processual relations of substances and phenomena making up the situation reflected in the sentence

the oppositional relations of substances and phenomena making up the situation reflected in the sentence

What does the grammatical morphological category of voice show?

*The grammatical morphological category of voice shows the relations between the doer of the action and the object of the action, based on the opposition of passivity.

The grammatical morphological category of voice shows the relations between the doer of the action and the object of the action, based on the similarity of activity.

The grammatical morphological category of voice shows the relations between the doer of the action and the object of the action, based on the opposition of activity.

The grammatical morphological category of voice shows the relations between the doer of the action and the object of the action, based on the similarity of passivity.

What does the category of mood express?

the character of opposition between the process expressed by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary, desirable, or speculative phenomenon

the character of opposition between the process expressed by the verb and the noun, either presenting the process that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary, desirable, or speculative phenomenon

the character of connection between the process expressed by the verb and the noun, either presenting the process that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary, desirable, or speculative phenomenon

*the character of connection between the process expressed by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary, desirable, or speculative phenomenon

What does the subjunctive mood denote?

an action which is wished, supposed, or stated by the speaker

an action which is stated, supposed, or doubted by the speaker

*an action which is wished, supposed, or doubted by the speaker

an action which is wished, stated, or doubted by the speaker

Theme 7: Adjective

Which definition of the adjective is true?

It expresses the categorial semantics of a substance, that is, it presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as material, color, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both permanent and temporary.

*It is a part of speech, which expresses the categorial semantics of the property of a substance, that is, it presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as material, color, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both permanent and temporary.

It expresses the categorial semantics of the property of a property, that is, it presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as material, color, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both permanent and temporary.

It expresses the categorial semantics of the substance of a property, that is, it presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as material, color, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both permanent and temporary.

Do adjectives possess a full nominative value?

*Unlike nouns, adjectives do not possess a full nominative value.

Like nouns, adjectives possess a full nominative value.

Unlike nouns, adjectives possess a full nominative value.

Like nouns, adjectives do not possess a full predicative value.

Which are the main subclasses of adjectives?

qualitative, quantitative, and relative

quantitative and relative

*qualitative and relative

qualitative and quantitative

What do relative adjectives express?

such substance as are determined by the direct relation of the substance to some other substance

*such properties of a substance as are determined by the direct relation of the substance to some other substance

such substance as are determined by the direct relation of the substance to predicativity

such properties of a substance as are determined by the direct relation of the substance to predicativity

What do qualitative adjectives denote?

various qualities of predicativity, which admit of a quantitative estimation

various qualities of predicativity, which admit of a qualitative estimation

various qualities of substances, which admit of a qualitative estimation

*various qualities of substances, which admit of a quantitative estimation

How can the measure of a quality be estimated?

*as high or low, adequate or inadequate, sufficient or insufficient, optimal or excessive

as high or low, adequate or inadequate, sufficient or insufficient

as adequate or inadequate, sufficient or insufficient, optimal or excessive

as high or low, adequate or inadequate, optimal or excessive

How are adjectives substantivized?

by cohesion

by derivation

by connection

*by zero-derivation

Which subclasses of adjectives possess the category of comparison?

*only qualitative adjectives

all of them

only relative adjectives

only quantitative adjectives

How is the semantically bound character of the adjective emphasized in English?

by the pure use of adjective

*by the use of the prop-substitute one in the absence of the notional head-noun of the phrase

by the use of the prop-substitute one along with the notional head-noun of the phrase

by the use of adjective along with the notional head-noun of the phrase

What types of derivation does the adjective have?

*suffixal, from nouns, verbs; prefixal, from adjectives, verbs, nouns

suffixal, from nouns, verbs;

prefixal, from adjectives, verbs, adjectives, nouns

suffixal, from nouns; prefixal, from verbs, nouns

What functions does the adjective perform in the sentence?

of an attribute and a predicate

*of an attribute and a predicative

of an attributive and a predicative

of an attributive and a predicate

What does the category of adjectival comparison express?

*the quantitative characteristic of the quality of a nounal referent

the quality of a nounal referent

evaluation of a quality

the quantitative characteristic of a nounal referent

How many forms does the whole category of comparison have?

three, making up the two series –, direct and indirect, respectively

*five, making up the two series –, direct and reverse, respectively

five, making up the two series –, direct and indirect, respectively

four, making up the two series –, direct and reverse, respectively

What subclass of adjectives is the underlined one, what is its function in the sentence: I looked at my wrist watch?

*relative, attribute

qualitative, attribute

quantitative, object

relative, object

What subclass of adjectives are the underlined ones, what is their function in the sentence: She looked smart in a green linen dress?

relative, attribute;

relative, attribute

*qualitative, attribute;

relative, attribute

relative, attribute;

qualitative, attribute

qualitative, attribute; qualitative, attribute

What subclass of adjectives is the underlined one, what is its function in the sentence: Her bust line made me stare?

relative, object

qualitative, object

qualitative, attribute

*relative, attribute

What subclass of adjectives are the underlined ones, what is their function in the sentence: Just then she saw him, standing by the gate, as dear and handsome as ever, if older?

qualitative, attribute;

relative, attribute;

qualitative, attribute;

*qualitative, attribute;

qualitative, attribute;

qualitative, attribute;

qualitative, attribute;

qualitative, attribute;

relative, attribute

relative, attribute;

qualitative, attribute;

qualitative, attribute

Theme 8: Adverb

Which definition of the adverb is true?

The adverb is a notional word expressing a nominative property, that is, a property of a non-substantive referent.

The adverb is a notional word expressing a non-substance, that is, a property of a non-substantive referent.

*The adverb is a notional word expressing a non-substantive property, that is, a property of a non-substantive referent.

The adverb is a notional word expressing a substantive property.

How are adverbs divided according to their word building structure?

simple and composite

*simple and derived

simple and compound

simple and complex

How would you define simple adverbs?

*They are rather few, and nearly all of them display functional semantics, mostly of pronominal character.

They are rather numerous, and nearly all of them display functional semantics, mostly of pronominal character.

They are rather few, and nearly all of them display functional semantics, mostly of nominal character.

They are rather numerous, and nearly all of them display functional semantics, mostly of nominal character.

What are the typical adverbial suffixes in affixal derivation?

*-ly, -ways, -wise,

-ward(s)

-ly, -wise,

-ward(s)

-ly, -ways, -wise

ways, -wise,

-ward(s)

What are the typical adverbial prefixes in affixal derivation?

pre-

*a-

co-

under-

What are adverbs commonly divided?

into qualitative and circumstantial

into quantitative and circumstantial

*into qualitative, quantitative, and circumstantial

into qualitative and quantitative

What do qualitative adverbs express?

immediate, inherently graded qualities of actions and other qualities

immediate, inherently non-graded quantities of actions and other qualities

immediate, inherently graded quantities of actions and other qualities

*immediate, inherently non-graded qualities of actions and other qualities

What are quantitative adverbs?

*specific lexical units of semi-functional nature expressing quality measure, or gradational evaluation of qualities

specific grammatical units of semi-notional nature expressing quality measure, or gradational evaluation of qualities

specific lexical units of functional nature expressing quality measure, or gradational evaluation of qualities

specific grammatical units of semi-functional nature expressing quality measure, or gradational evaluation of qualities

Which are the subtypes of quantitative adverbs?

of high degree, excessive degree, unexpected degree, low degree, approximate degree, optimal degree, inadequate degree, under-degree

*of high degree, excessive degree, unexpected degree, moderate degree, low degree, approximate degree, optimal degree, inadequate degree, under-degree

of high degree, excessive degree, unexpected degree, moderate degree, low degree, ad optimal degree, inadequate degree, under-degree

of high degree, excessive degree, unexpected degree, moderate degree, low degree, approximate degree, inadequate degree

Would you classify adverbs according to semantics?

qualitative and quantitative

qualitative and relative

*first, into nominal and pronominal, the nominal adverbs are subdivided into qualitative and orientative, the former including genuine qualitative adverbs and degree adverbs, the latter falling into temporal and local adverbs, with further possible subdivisions of more detailed specifications

qualitative, quantitative, and circumstantial

What adverb is here?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

What adverb is there?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

What adverb is now?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

local

What adverb is then?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

What adverb is so?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

What adverb is quite?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

What adverb is why?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

What adverb is how?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

What adverb is where?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

What adverb is when?

degree

*pronominal

genuine qualitative

Local

Which set of degree adverbs is insufficiently?

*inadequate

adequate

under

Optimal

Which set of degree adverbs is ridiculously?

high

excessive

*inadequate

Optimal

Which set of degree adverbs is unbearably?

unexpected

*inadequate

moderate

Adequate

Which set of degree adverbs is intolerably?

low

approximate

under

*inadequate

Which set of degree adverbs is very?

approximate

*high

optimal

Under

Which set of degree adverbs is much?

*high

moderate

adequate

Optimal

Which set of degree adverbs is pretty?

moderate

adequate

*high

Under

Which set of degree adverbs is quite?

inadequate

moderate

adequate

*high

Which set of degree adverbs is entirely?

inadequate

*high

moderate

Adequate

Which set of degree adverbs is utterly?

moderate

adequate

*high

Optimal

Which set of degree adverbs is highly?

*high

moderate

adequate

Under

Which set of degree adverbs is greatly?

moderate

adequate

excessive

*high

Which set of degree adverbs is perfectly?

approximate

*high

moderate

Adequate

Which set of degree adverbs is absolutely?

moderate

adequate

*high

Low

Which set of degree adverbs is strongly?

low

*high

moderate

Adequate

Which set of degree adverbs is terrifically?

*excessive

optimal

optimal

Optimal

Which set of degree adverbs is too?

optimal

*excessive

moderate

Adequate

Which set of degree adverbs is awfully?

moderate

adequate

*excessive

Low

Which set of degree adverbs is tremendously?

low

*excessive

unexpected

*excessive

Which set of degree adverbs is dreadfully?

moderate

adequate

*excessive

Optimal

Which set of degree adverbs is considerably?

moderate

adequate

*high

Low

Theme 9: Syntactic Theories. Sentence

What does syntax study?

*Syntax studies external functions of the word, which are syntagmatic relations between words within different linearly ordered syntactic units – the phraseme or word-group, the sentence, and the text.

Syntax studies internal functions of the word, which are syntagmatic relations between words within different linearly ordered syntactic units – the phraseme or word-group, the sentence, and the text.

Syntax studies external functions of the word, which are paradigmatic relations between words within different linearly ordered syntactic units – the phraseme or word-group, the sentence, and the text.

Syntax studies external functions of the word, which are pragmatic relations between words within different linearly ordered syntactic units – the phraseme or word-group, the sentence, and the text.

What modern syntactic theories do you know?

Categorial syntax or syntagmatic syntax; the paradigmatic syntax; the transformational-generative syntax; the constructional syntax; the semantic syntax; the communicative syntax; the pragmatic syntax

*Categorial syntax or syntagmatic morphology; the paradigmatic syntax; the transformational-generative syntax; the constructional syntax; the semantic syntax; the communicative syntax; the pragmatic syntax

Categorial syntax or syntagmatic morphology; the paradigmatic syntax; the transformational-generative syntax; the constructional syntax; the communicative syntax; the pragmatic syntax

Categorial syntax or syntagmatic morphology; the paradigmatic syntax; the transformational-generative syntax; the semantic syntax; the communicative syntax; the pragmatic syntax

What is the syntactic unit of language?

The syntactic unit is a combination of at least two notional words or linguistic units that occupy the position above that of the word in the language hierarchy – the proposeme, the super-phrasal unity or supra-proposeme, and the texteme.

The syntactic unit is a combination of at least two notional words or linguistic units that occupy the position above that of the word in the language hierarchy – the phraseme, the proposeme, the super-phrasal unity or supra-proposeme.

The syntactic unit is a combination of at least two notional words or linguistic units that occupy the position above that of the word in the language hierarchy – the phraseme, the super-phrasal unity or supra-proposeme, and the texteme.

*The syntactic unit is a combination of at least two notional words or linguistic units that occupy the position above that of the word in the language hierarchy – the phraseme, the proposeme, the super-phrasal unity or supra-proposeme, and the texteme.

What are the characteristic features of the syntactic unit?

It refers to either of three upper levels (phrasemic, proposemic, or supra-proposemic one) of the language hierarchy; it developed from the units of the immediately lower level of the language hierarchy; it has systemic character, as go into paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations; it is linear in order, as the components of the each of them stand in syntagmatic relations with each other; it may be either non-communicative (the phraseme) or communicative in nature (the proposeme, the super-phrasal unity or supra-proposeme, and the texteme).

*It refers to either of three upper levels (phrasemic, proposemic, or supra-proposemic one) of the language hierarchy; it developed from the units of the immediately lower level of the language hierarchy; it is bilateral a unit, compulsorily possessing two planes: the plane of content and the plane of expression; it has systemic character, as go into paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations; it is linear in order, as the components of the each of them stand in syntagmatic relations with each other; it may be either non-communicative (the phraseme) or communicative in nature (the proposeme, the super-phrasal unity or supra-proposeme, and the texteme).

It refers to either of three upper levels (phrasemic, proposemic, or supra-proposemic one) of the language hierarchy; it developed from the units of the immediately lower level of the language hierarchy; it is bilateral a unit, compulsorily possessing two planes: the plane of content and the plane of expression; it has systemic character, as go into paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations; it may be either non-communicative (the phraseme) or communicative in nature (the proposeme, the super-phrasal unity or supra-proposeme, and the texteme).

It refers to either of three upper levels (phrasemic, proposemic, or supra-proposemic one) of the language hierarchy; it developed from the units of the immediately lower level of the language hierarchy; it is bilateral a unit, compulsorily possessing two planes: the plane of content and the plane of expression; it is linear in order, as the components of the each of them stand in syntagmatic relations with each other; it may be either non-communicative (the phraseme) or communicative in nature (the proposeme, the super-phrasal unity or supra-proposeme, and the texteme).

What is the sentence?

The sentence is the main unit of morphology.

The sentence is the main unit of lexicology.

The sentence is the main unit of phonology.

*The sentence is the main unit of syntax.

What are the distinguishing features of the sentence?

*Predicativity, as the relation established between the given situation and the objective reality; communicative nature, which permits the sentence to serve as one minimal unit of communication.

Combinability, as the relation established between the given situation and the objective reality; communicative nature, which permits the sentence to serve as one minimal unit of communication.

Flexibility, as the relation established between the given situation and the objective reality; communicative nature, which permits the sentence to serve as one minimal unit of communication.

Ability, as the relation established between the given situation and the objective reality; communicative nature, which permits the sentence to serve as one minimal unit of communication.

What are the characteristic features of the sentence?

It is a structural unit, occupying the phrasemic level in the language hierarchy; it is a bilateral unit, having two planes – plane of content and plane of expression; it is a constructional unit and a predicative construction, possessing a predicative line; it is a communicative unit, serving the minimal communicative unit of the language; it has its speech counterpart – the utterance.

It is a structural unit, occupying the lexemic level in the language hierarchy; it is a bilateral unit, having two planes – plane of content and plane of expression; it is a constructional unit and a predicative construction, possessing a predicative line; it is a communicative unit, serving the minimal communicative unit of the language; it has its speech counterpart – the utterance.

*It is a structural unit, occupying the proposemic level in the language hierarchy; it is a bilateral unit, having two planes – plane of content and plane of expression; it is a constructional unit and a predicative construction, possessing a predicative line; it is a communicative unit, serving the minimal communicative unit of the language; it has its speech counterpart – the utterance.

It is a structural unit, occupying the phrasemic and proposemic level in the language hierarchy; it is a bilateral unit, having two planes – plane of content and plane of expression; it is a constructional unit and a predicative construction, possessing a predicative line; it is a communicative unit, serving the minimal communicative unit of the language; it has its speech counterpart – the utterance.

What does the semantic syntax study?

It studies the utterance from the speech communication perspective.

It studies the external function of the word, which are syntagmatic relations between words within different linearly ordered syntactic units – the phraseme, the sentence and the text.

*It studies functional semantics or the meaning of the part of the sentence in terms of semantic roles, which is the relation of a linguistic unit to objective reality.

It studies both the speaker’s/writer’s intention to influence his/her audience and the very situation of communication and various pragmatic meanings of one and the same utterance.

What does the communicative syntax study?

It studies functional semantics or the meaning of the part of the sentence in terms of semantic roles, which is the relation of a linguistic unit to objective reality.

It studies both the speaker’s/writer’s intention to influence his/her audience and the very situation of communication and various pragmatic meanings of one and the same utterance.

It studies the external function of the word, which are syntagmatic relations between words within different linearly ordered syntactic units – the phraseme, the sentence and the text.

*It studies the utterance from the speech communication perspective.

What does the pragmatic syntax study?

* It studies both the speaker’s/writer’s intention to influence his/her audience and the very situation of communication and various pragmatic meanings of one and the same utterance.

It studies functional semantics or the meaning of the part of the sentence in terms of semantic roles, which is the relation of a linguistic unit to objective reality.

It studies the utterance from the speech communication perspective.

It studies the external function of the word, which are syntagmatic relations between words within different linearly ordered syntactic units – the phraseme, the sentence and the text.

What does the categorial syntax/syntagmatic morphology study?

It studies the paradigmatic peculiarities of syntactic units – the phraseme and the sentence.

*It studies the combinability of word-classes and can be called the theory of word-groups or phrasemes.

It studies the sentence from the point of view of its deep (semantic) structure.

It studies the constructional significance of the part of the sentence concerning the whole syntactic unit.

What does the paradigmatic syntax study?

*It studies the paradigmatic peculiarities of syntactic units – the phraseme and the sentence.

It studies the sentence from the point of view of its deep (semantic) structure.

It studies the constructional significance of the part of the sentence concerning the whole syntactic unit.

It studies the combinability of word-classes and can be called the theory of word-groups or phrasemes.

What does the transformational-generative syntax study?

It studies the constructional significance of the part of the sentence concerning the whole syntactic unit.

It studies the combinability of word-classes and can be called the theory of word-groups or phrasemes.

It studies the paradigmatic peculiarities of syntactic units – the phraseme and the sentence.

*It studies the sentence from the point of view of its deep (semantic) structure.

What does the constructional syntax study?

It studies the combinability of word-classes and can be called the theory of word-groups or phrasemes.

It studies the sentence from the point of view of its deep (semantic) structure.

*It studies the constructional significance of the part of the sentence concerning the whole syntactic unit.

It studies the paradigmatic peculiarities of syntactic units – the phraseme and the sentence.

What is the syntactic unit?

*It is a combination of at least two notional words or linguistic units that occupy the position above that of the word in the language hierarchy.

It is the main unit of syntax.

It is a unit that refers to either of three upper levels of the language hierarchy.

It developed from the units of the immediately lower level of the language hierarchy.

What is the sentence?

It is a combination of at least two notional words or linguistic units that occupy the position above that of the word in the language hierarchy.

It is the way in which language units and their meanings combine to form text.

*It is the main unit of syntax.

It is a bilateral unit, compulsory possessing two planes: the plane of content and plane of expression.

How many distinguishing features does the sentence have?

*two

three

four

Five

How many characteristic features does the sentence have?

two

three

four

*five

What is the predicative connection in the typical English sentence called?

simple sentence

*predicative line

predicate line

predicative meaning

Theme 10: Simple Sentence

What is the simple sentence?

*It is the sentence in which one predicative line is expressed.

It is the sentence in which two predicative lines are expressed.

It is the sentence in which three predicative lines are expressed.

It is the sentence in which four predicative lines are expressed.

Which statement is true?

The simple sentence is a sentence in which only a predicate is expressed.

*The simple sentence is a sentence in which only one predicative line is expressed.

The simple sentence is a sentence in which only a subject is expressed.

The simple sentence is a sentence in which two predicative lines are expressed.

How would you explain the two types of subordinative relations when analyzing sentences in terms of syntagmatic connections of their parts?

*When analyzing sentences in terms of syntagmatic connections of their parts, two types of subordinative relations are exposed: compulsory relations, that is such as are indispensable for the existence of the syntactic unit as such; and optional relations, such as may or may not be actually represented in the syntactic unit.

When analyzing sentences in terms of syntagmatic connections of their parts, two types of subordinative relations are exposed: independent relations, that is such as are indispensable for the existence of the syntactic unit as such; and neutral relations, such as may or may not be actually represented in the syntactic unit.

When analyzing sentences in terms of syntagmatic connections of their parts, two types of subordinative relations are exposed: compulsory relations, that is such as are indispensable for the existence of the syntactic unit as such; and independent relations, such as may or may not be actually represented in the syntactic unit.

When analyzing sentences in terms of syntagmatic connections of their parts, two types of subordinative relations are exposed: independent relations, that is such as are indispensable for the existence of the syntactic unit as such; and optional relations, such as may or may not be actually represented in the syntactic unit.

How can simple sentences be divided relating the categories of the subject?

Reflecting the categories of the subject, simple sentences are divided into personal and impersonal. The further division – human and non-human; human – into definite and indefinite; non-human – into animate and inanimate.

Reflecting the categories of the subject, simple sentences are divided into personal and impersonal. The further division – human and non-human. The further essential division of impersonal sentences is into factual and perceptional ones.

*Reflecting the categories of the subject, simple sentences are divided into personal and impersonal. The further division – human and non-human; human – into definite and indefinite; non-human – into animate and inanimate. The further essential division of impersonal sentences is into factual and perceptional ones.

Reflecting the categories of the subject, simple sentences are divided into personal, neutral, and impersonal. The further division – human and non-human; human – into definite and indefinite; non-human – into animate and inanimate. The further essential division of impersonal sentences is into factual and perceptional ones.

What is the division of simple sentences depending on the categories of the predicate?

Reflecting the categories of the predicate, simple sentences are divided into process-featuring or verbal and in the broad sense, quality featuring including substance as such and substantive quality – nominal.

*Reflecting the categories of the predicate, simple sentences are divided into process-featuring or verbal and in the broad sense, substance featuring including substance as such and substantive quality – nominal.

Reflecting the categories of the predicate, simple sentences are divided into process-featuring or verbal and in the broad sense, quality featuring including substance as such.

Reflecting the categories of the predicate, simple sentences are divided into process-featuring or verbal and in the broad sense, substance featuring including substance as such.

What is the division of simple sentences reflecting the subject–object relation?

*Reflecting the subject-object relation, simple sentences are divided into subjective, objective, and neutral or potentially objective, capable of implying both the transitive action of the syntactic person and the syntactic person’s intransitive characteristics.

Reflecting the subject-object relation, simple sentences are divided into subjective, objective, adverbial, and neutral or potentially objective, capable of implying both the transitive action of the syntactic person and the syntactic person’s intransitive characteristics.

Reflecting the subject-object relation, simple sentences are divided into subjective, objective, attributive, and neutral or potentially objective, capable of implying both the transitive action of the syntactic person and the syntactic person’s intransitive characteristics.

Reflecting the subject-object relation, simple sentences are divided into subjective, and neutral or potentially objective, capable of implying both the transitive action of the syntactic person and the syntactic person’s intransitive characteristics.

Which are the nominative parts of the simple sentence?

subject, predicate, object, adverbial, attributive, parenthetical enclosure, addressing enclosure

subject, predicate, object, adverbial, attributive

*subject, predicate, object, adverbial, attributive, parenthetical enclosure, addressing enclosure, interjectional enclosure

parenthetical enclosure, addressing enclosure, interjectional enclosure

What is the subject of the sentence?

process-modifier of the subject-person

*a person-modifier of the predicate

a substance-modifier of a processual part, action or state

a quality-modifier of a processual part or the whole of the sentence

What is the predicate of the sentence?

a person-modifier of the predicate

a substance-modifier of a processual part, action or state

*a process-modifier of the subject-person

a quality-modifier of a processual part or the whole of the sentence

What is the object of the sentence?

a quality-modifier of a processual part or the whole of the sentence

a person-modifier of the predicate

*a substance-modifier of a processual part, action or state

process-modifier of the subject-person

What is the adverbial of the sentence?

a substance-modifier of a processual part, action or state

*a quality-modifier of a processual part or the whole of the sentence

process-modifier of the subject-person

a person-modifier of the predicate

What is the attribute of the sentence?

*a quality-modifier of a substantive part

a detached speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part or the whole of the sentence

a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence and hence

a speaker-bound emotional modifier of the sentence

What is the parenthetical enclose of the sentence?

a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence and hence

a quality-modifier of a substantive part

*a detached speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part or the whole of the sentence

a speaker-bound emotional modifier of the sentence

What is the addressing enclosure of the sentence?

*a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence and hence

a detached speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part or the whole of the sentence

a speaker-bound emotional modifier of the sentence

a quality-modifier of a substantive part

What is the interjectional enclosure of the sentence?

*a speaker-bound emotional modifier of the sentence

a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence and hence

a quality-modifier of a substantive part

a detached speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part or the whole of the sentence

How many subordinative relations are exposed when analyzing sentences in terms of syntagmatic connections of their parts?

one

three

four

*two

What is the unexpanded simple sentence?

It is defined as a mono-predicative sentence, which includes, besides the compulsory parts, also some optional parts.

*It is a mono-predicative sentence formed only by compulsory notional parts.

It is the sentence, where the subject and the predicate are directly and explicitly expressed in the outer structure.

It is the sentence, where only subject or predicate or its part is explicitly expressed, the other one being non-presented in the outer structure of the sentence.

What is the expanded simple sentence?

*It is defined as a mono-predicative sentence, which includes, besides the compulsory parts, also some optional parts.

It is the sentence, where the subject and the predicate are directly and explicitly expressed in the outer structure.

It is a mono-predicative sentence formed only by compulsory notional parts.

It is the sentence, where only subject or predicate or its part is explicitly expressed, the other one being non-presented in the outer structure of the sentence

What is the two-axis sentence?

*It is the sentence, where the subject and the predicate are directly and explicitly expressed in the outer structure.

It is the sentence, where only subject or predicate or its part is explicitly expressed, the other one being non-presented in the outer structure of the sentence.

It is defined as a mono-predicative sentence, which includes, besides the compulsory parts, also some optional parts.

It is a mono-predicative sentence formed only by compulsory notional parts.

What is the one-axis sentence?

It is a mono-predicative sentence formed only by compulsory notional parts

It is the sentence, where the subject and the predicate are directly and explicitly expressed in the outer structure

*It is the sentence, where only subject or predicate or its part is explicitly expressed, the other one being non-presented in the outer structure of the sentence

It is defined as a mono-predicative sentence, which includes, besides the compulsory parts, also some optional parts

Which three bases should the semantic classification of simple sentences be effected on?

object categorial meanings;

predicate categorial meanings;

subject-object relation

*subject categorial meanings;

predicate categorial meanings;

subject-object relation

subject categorial meanings;

object categorial meanings;

subject-predicate relation

subject categorial meanings;

predicate categorial meanings;

subject-predicate relation

How are simple sentences reflecting the categories of the subject divided?

human – non-human

definite - indefinite

*personal - impersonal

animate – inanimate

What is the division of personal sentences?

*human – non-human

animate - inanimate

definite - indefinite

factual – perceptional

What is the division of human sentences?

animate - inanimate

*definite - indefinite

Factual - perceptional

personal – impersonal

What is the division of non-human sentences?

factual - perceptional

*animate - inanimate

definite - indefinite

personal – impersonal

Which types can refer to the declarative sentence?

general-special-alternative-disjunctive

*affirmative-negative

order-request-wish-proposal

general-proposal-negative-wish

Which types can refer to the interrogative sentences?

order-request-wish-proposal

general-proposal-negative-wish

affirmative-negative

*general-special-alternative-disjunctive

Which types can refer to the imperative sentences?

affirmative-negative

general-proposal-negative-wish

general-special-alternative-disjunctive

*order-request-wish-proposal

Theme 11: Complex Sentence

What is the composite sentence?

It is the polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination or of hypotactic relations.

It is the sentence in which only one predicative line is expressed.

*It is a polypredicative construction, which reflects two or more elementary situation, uniting them into one and expressing a complicated form of thought.

It is a combination of at least two notional words or linguistic units.

What is the complex sentence?

It is the sentence in which only one predicative line is expressed.

*It is the polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination or of hypotactic relations.

It is a combination of at least two notional words or linguistic units.

It is a polypredicative construction, which reflects two or more elementary situation, uniting them into one and expressing a complicated form of thought.

What do two clauses – a principal and a subordinate one make up?

semi-composite sentence

*complex sentence

simple sentence

compound sentence

If the subordinate clause is joined to the principal one by connectors, how is it called?

asyndetically

*syndetically

hypothetically

Synthetically

What are the clauses of primary nominal position?

*subject, predicate, object

subject, predicate, adverbial

subject, predicate, attributive

subject, adverbial, attributive

What does the subject clause express?

*the theme on the upper level of the actual division of the complex sentence

the function of the nominal part of the predicate, the part adjoining the link-verb

an object situation of process

the differentiation between the three types of backgrounds

What does the predicative clause express?

an object situation of process

the theme on the upper level of the actual division of the complex sentence

*the function of the nominal part of the predicate, the part adjoining the link-verb

the differentiation between the three types of backgrounds

What does the objective clause express?

the function of the nominal part of the predicate, the part adjoining the link-verb

*an object situation of process

the differentiation between the three types of backgrounds

the theme on the upper level of the actual division of the complex sentence

How many types of background does the semantic content of the object clause discriminate?

two

*three

four

any number

How many groups is the whole system of adverbial clauses divided into?

two

three

*four

Five

What is the complex sentence?

The complex sentence is a monopredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination or of hypotactic relations. It is derived from two or more base sentences, one of which performs the role of the matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences.

*The complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination or of hypotactic relations. It is derived from two or more base sentences, one of which performs the role of the matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences.

The complex sentence is a monopredicative construction built up on the principle of coordination or of hypotactic relations. It is derived from two or more base sentences, one of which performs the role of the matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences.

The complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of coordination or of hypotactic relations. It is derived from two or more base sentences, one of which performs the role of the matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences.

What does the complex sentence consist of?

The complex sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses – a principal and a coordinative one.

The complex sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses – a coordinative and a subordinate one.

*The complex sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses – a principal and a subordinate one.

The complex sentence of minimal composition includes one clause – a an independent one.

What sets of subordinate clauses do you know?

Clauses of subject; clauses of predicate; objective clauses.

*Clauses of primary nominal positions; clauses of secondary nominal positions; adverbial clauses.

Clauses of first nominal positions; clauses of second nominal positions; clauses of third nominal positions.

Clauses of primary nominal positions; clauses of secondary nominal positions; clauses of third nominal positions.

What are the four basic types of monolithic complex sentences?

Merger complexes, valency monolith complexes, correlation complexes, linear order of clausal positions.

Merger complexes, monolith complexes, correlation monolith complexes, linear order of clausal positions.

Merger valency complexes, monolith complexes, correlation monolith complexes, linear order of clausal positions.

*Merger complexes, valency monolith complexes, correlation monolith complexes, linear order of clausal positions.

Theme 12: Compound Sentence

What is the compound sentence?

*The compound sentence is a composite sentence built on the principle of coordination or paratactic relations.

The compound sentence is a simple sentence built on the principle of coordination or paratactic relations.

The compound sentence is a complex sentence built on the principle of coordination or paratactic relations.

The compound sentence is a composite sentence built on the principle of subordination or paratactic relations.

What are the main semantic relations between the compound sentence clauses?

The main semantic relations between the clauses connected coordinatively are copulative, disjunctive, causal, consequential, and resultative.

*The main semantic relations between the clauses connected coordinatively are copulative, adversative, disjunctive, causal, consequential, and resultative.

The main semantic relations between the clauses connected coordinatively are adversative, disjunctive, causal, consequential, and resultative.

The main semantic relations between the clauses connected coordinatively are copulative, adversative, disjunctive, causal, sequential, consequential, and resultative.

Theme 13: Mixed Sentence. Semi-Composite Sentence

How would you define the complex-compound sentence?

The complex-compound sentence is a simple sentence built up of two or more subordinate clauses with coordinative relations between them.

The complex-compound sentence is a composite sentence built up of three or more subordinate clauses with coordinative relations between them.

The complex-compound sentence is a simple sentence built up of one subordinate clause with coordinative relations between them.

*The complex-compound sentence is a composite sentence built up of two or more subordinate clauses with coordinative relations between them.

What is called the compound-complex sentence?

The compound-complex sentence is a simple sentence built up of two or more coordinate clauses, one of which has one or more subordinate clauses.

*The compound-complex sentence is a composite sentence built up of two or more coordinate clauses, one of which has one or more subordinate clauses.

The compound-complex sentence is a composite sentence built up of three or more coordinate clauses, one of which has one or more subordinate clauses.

The compound-complex sentence is a simple sentence built up of one or more coordinate clauses, one of which has one or more subordinate clauses.

What is the semi-composite sentence?

The semi-composite sentence is a sentence with one predicative line, which is expressed in fusion; for the most part, one of these lines can be identified as the leading or dominant, the others making the semi-predicative expansion of the sentence.

The semi-composite sentence is a sentence with more than two predicative lines, which are expressed in fusion; for the most part, one of these lines can be identified as the leading or dominant, the others making the semi-predicative expansion of the sentence.

*The semi-composite sentence is a sentence with more than one predicative line, which is expressed in fusion; for the most part, one of these lines can be identified as the leading or dominant, the others making the semi-predicative expansion of the sentence.

The semi-composite sentence is a sentence with more than two predicative lines, which are expressed in fusion; for the most part, two of these lines can be identified as the leading or dominant, the others making the semi-predicative expansion of the sentence.

What are the parts of semi-composite sentences?

*One of these parts can be identified as the leading or dominant, the others making the semi-predicative expansion of the sentence.

One of these parts can be identified as the leading, the other one as dominant, the others making the semi-predicative expansion of the sentence.

One of these parts can be identified as the leading or dominant, the others making the predicative expansion of the sentence.

One of these parts can be identified as the leading, the other one as dominant, the others making the predicative expansion of the sentence.

What are syntagmatic and derivational structures of a semi-composite sentence analogous to and why?

Its immediate syntagmatic or surface structure is analogous to that of an unexpanded simple sentence, since it possesses only one completely expressed predicative unit. Its derivational or deep structure, on the other hand, is analogous to that of a composite sentence, because it is derived from two or more completely predicative units – its base sentences.

*Its immediate syntagmatic or surface structure is analogous to that of a complex sentence, since it possesses only one completely expressed predicative unit. Its derivational or deep structure, on the other hand, is analogous to that of a composite sentence, because it is derived from two or more completely predicative units – its base sentences.

Its immediate syntagmatic or surface structure is analogous to that of a compound sentence, since it possesses only one completely expressed predicative unit. Its derivational or deep structure, on the other hand, is analogous to that of a composite sentence, because it is derived from two or more completely predicative units – its base sentences.

Its immediate syntagmatic or surface structure is analogous to that of a semi-composite sentence, since it possesses only one completely expressed predicative unit. Its derivational or deep structure, on the other hand, is analogous to that of a composite sentence, because it is derived from two or more completely predicative units – its base sentences.

What are the causes of the existence of semi-composite sentences in language?

There are three different causes of the existence of the semi-composite sentence in language: the tendency of speech to be economical, resulting in lingual processes of reduction; the semantic function, different from the function of the composite sentence proper; showing more closely connection between the events described in the parts of the correspondent sentence parts.

There are two different causes of the existence of the semi-composite sentence in language: the tendency of speech to be economical, resulting in lingual processes of reduction; showing more closely connection between the events described in the parts of the correspondent sentence parts.

*There are two different causes of the existence of the semi-composite sentence in language: the tendency of speech to be economical, resulting in lingual processes of reduction; the semantic function, different from the function of the composite sentence proper, which shows more closely connection between the events described in the parts of the correspondent sentence parts.

There are three different causes of the existence of the semi-composite sentence in language: the tendency of speech to be economical, resulting in lingual processes of reduction; the syntactic function, different from the function of the composite sentence proper, which shows more closely connection between the events described in the parts of the correspondent sentence parts.

Theme 14: Semi-complex Sentence

What is the semi-complex sentence?

*The semi-complex sentence is a semi-composite sen­tence built up on the principle of subordination. It is derived from minimum two base sentences, one matrix and one insert. In the process of semi-complexing, the insert sentence is transformed into a partially de-predicated construction that is built in one of the syntactic positions of the matrix sentence. In the resulting construction, the matrix sentence becomes its dominant part and the insert sentence, its subordinate semi-clause.

The semi-complex sentence is a semi-composite sen­tence built up on the principle of coordination. It is derived from minimum two base sentences, one matrix and one insert. In the process of semi-complexing, the insert sentence is transformed into a partially de-predicated construction that is built in one of the syntactic positions of the matrix sentence. In the resulting construction, the matrix sentence becomes its equal part and the insert sentence, its other semi-clause.

The semi-complex sentence is a semi-composite sen­tence built up on the principle of coordination. It is derived from minimum three base sentences, one matrix and two insert. In the process of semi-complexing, the insert sentence is transformed into a partially de-predicated construction that is built in one of the syntactic positions of the matrix sentence. In the resulting construction, the matrix sentence becomes its dominant part and the insert sentence, its subordinate semi-clause.

The semi-complex sentence is a semi-composite sen­tence built up on the principle of subordination. It is derived from minimum three base sentences, one matrix and two insert. In the process of semi-complexing, the insert sentence is transformed into a partially de-predicated construction that is built in one of the syntactic positions of the matrix sentence. In the resulting construction, the matrix sentence becomes its dominant part and the insert sentence, its subordinate semi-clause.

What subtypes of semi-complex sentences do you know?

The semi-complex sentences fall into a number of sub­types: the sentences based on position-sharing fall into those of subject- sharing and those of object-sharing; the sentences based on semi-predicative linear expansion fall into those of adverbial complication, and nominal phrase complication.

*The semi-complex sentences fall into a number of sub­types: the sentences based on position-sharing fall into those of subject- sharing and those of object-sharing; the sentences based on semi-predicative linear expansion fall into those of attributive complication, adverbial complication, and nominal phrase complication.

The semi-complex sentences fall into a number of sub­types: the sentences based on position-sharing fall into those of subject- sharing; the sentences based on semi-predicative linear expansion fall into those of attributive complication, adverbial complication, and nominal phrase complication.

The semi-complex sentences fall into a number of sub­types: the sentences based on position-sharing fall into those of object-sharing; the sentences based on semi-predicative linear expansion fall into those of attributive complication, adverbial complication, and nominal phrase complication.

Theme 15: Semi-compound Sentence

What is the semi-compound sentence?

The semi-compound sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of subordination.

The semi-compound sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of independence.

*The semi-compound sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of coordination.

The semi-compound sentence is complex sentence built up on the principle of coordination.

What is the structure of semi-compound sentences?

minimum one base sentence having an identical element belonging to one or both of their principal syntactic positions, that is, either the subject, or the predicate, or both

minimum three base sentences having an identical element belonging to one or both of their principal syntactic positions, that is, either the subject, or the predicate, or both

minimum two base sentences having an identical element belonging to one of their principal syntactic positions, that is, either the subject, or the predicate

*minimum two base sentences having an identical element belonging to one or both of their principal syntactic positions, that is, either the subject, or the predicate, or both

What types of semi-compound sentences do you know?

*They fall into two types: the semi-compound sentence of subject coordination, which is a combination of two subjects relating to our predicate when the subjects are discontinuously positioned, so that the first starts the utterance, while the second concludes it with some kind of process-referred introduction & the semi-compound sentence of predicate coordination, which is derived from a minimum of two base sentences having identical subjects.

They fall into two types: the semi-compound sentence of object coordination, which is a combination of two objects relating to our predicate when the subjects are discontinuously positioned, so that the first starts the utterance, while the second concludes it with some kind of process-referred introduction & the semi-compound sentence of predicate coordination, which is derived from a minimum of two base sentences having identical subjects.

They fall into two types: the semi-compound sentence of adverbial coordination, which is a combination of two adverbials relating to our predicate when the subjects are discontinuously positioned, so that the first starts the utterance, while the second concludes it with some kind of process-referred introduction & the semi-compound sentence of predicate coordination, which is derived from a minimum of two base sentences having identical subjects.

They fall into two types: the semi-compound sentence of subject coordination, which is a combination of two subjects relating to our predicate when the subjects are discontinuously positioned, so that the first starts the utterance, while the second concludes it with some kind of process-referred introduction & the semi-compound sentence of subject coordination, which is derived from a minimum of two base sentences having identical subjects.

What does a syndetic formation express?

It expresses the widest possible range of morphological relational meanings & can be exposed by means of both coordinative and subordinative correlations.

It expresses the widest possible range of lexical relational meanings & can be exposed by means of both coordinative and subordinative correlations.

*It expresses the widest possible range of syntactic relational meanings & can be exposed by means of both coordinative and subordinative correlations.

It expresses the widest possible range of phonetic relational meanings & can be exposed by means of both coordinative and subordinative correlations.

What is the asyndetic formation of the semi-compound sentence?

Asyndetic semi-compound sentences express opposition of intensity going together with a general emphasis.

*Asyndetic semi-compound sentences express gradation of intensity going together with a general emphasis.

Asyndetic semi-compound sentences express connection of intensity going together with a general emphasis.

Asyndetic semi-compound sentences express duration of intensity going together with a general emphasis.

How many connection types can a multi-base compound sentence have?

It can be homo-syndetic and hetero-syndetic.

It can be homo-syndetic, hetero-syndetic, and asyndetic.

*It can be homo-syndetic, hetero-syndetic, asyndetic, and the mixed syndetic-asyndetic sentence.

It can be hetero-syndetic, asyndetic, and mixed syndetic-asyndetic sentence.

Theme 16: Sentence in the Text

How are sentences interconnected in continual speech?

They interconnect with each other semantically.

They interconnect with each other syntactically.

They do not interconnect with each other at all.

*They interconnect with each other both semantically-topically and syntactically.

What are the two distinguishing features that mark a text?

They are a syntactic unity & a semantic-syntactic cohesion.

*They are a semantic or topical unity & a semantic-syntactic cohesion.

They are a semantic or topical unity & phrasemic cohesion.

They are a semantic or topical unity & a semantic-syntactic connection.

What should the primary division of sentence sequences be based on in speech?

The primary division of sentence sequences in speech, based on the communicative direction of their component sentences, divides them into monologue, neutral, and dialogue sequences.

The primary division of sentence sequences in speech, based on the communicative direction of their component sentences, divides them into one-direction and two-direction sequences.

*The primary division of sentence sequences in speech, based on the communicative direction of their component sentences, divides them into monologue sequences and dialogue sequences.

The primary division of sentence sequences in speech, based on the communicative direction of their component sentences, divides them into monologue and two-direction sequences.

What kinds of sentences are discriminated in sentence sequence?

* sentences with one-direction sequence & two-direction sequences

sentences with one-direction sequence

sentences with one-direction sequence, two-direction sequences, & three-direction sequences

sentences with two-direction sequence & three-direction sequences

Who were the first scholars to identify a succession of such sentences as a special syntactic unit?

Russian linguists N.S. Vinogradov and L.A. Pocheptsov

American linguists N.S. Pospelov and L.A. Bulakhovsky

Russian linguists N.S. Illish and L.A. Bulakhovsky

*Russian linguists N.S. Pospelov and L.A. Bulakhovsky

What is the cumuleme?

the sentential construction of one-direction communi­cative type

*the supra-sentential construction of one-direction communi­cative type

the sequential construction of one-direction communi­cative type

the supra-sequential construction of one-direction communi­cative type

What is the occurseme?

The formation of a one-direction sequence is based on its sentences being positioned to meet one another, is named occursive, and the corresponding supra-sentential construction – occurseme.

The formation of a two-opposition sequence is based on its sentences being positioned to meet one another, is named occursive, and the corresponding supra-sentential construction – occurseme.

The formation of a two-direction coordination is based on its sentences being positioned to meet one another, is named occursive, and the corresponding supra-sentential construction – occurseme.

*The formation of a two-direction sequence is based on its sentences being positioned to meet one another, is named occursive, and the corresponding supra-sentential construction – occurseme.

What is a prospective connection of sentences?

Prospective cumulation is realized through the division of a given sentence with the one that follows it.

*Prospective cumulation is realized through the connection of a given sentence to the one that follows it.

Prospective cumulation is realized through the separation of a given sentence from the one that follows it.

Prospective cumulation is realized through the overlapping of a given sentence the one that follows it.

Could you explain a retrospective connection cumulation?

Retrospective cumulation is realized through the division of a given sentence from the one that precedes it and is semantically complete by itself.

Retrospective cumulation is realized through the interaction of a given sentence with the one that precedes it and is semantically complete by itself.

*Retrospective cumulation is realized through the connection of a given sentence to the one that precedes it and is semantically complete by itself.

Retrospective cumulation is realized through the overlapping of a given sentence the one that precedes it and is semantically complete by itself.

How is cumulation on the basis of the functional nature of connectors divided?

*Because of the functional nature of connectors, cumulation is divided into two fundamental types: conjunctive cumulation and correlative cumulation.

Because of the functional nature of connectors, cumulation is divided into three fundamental types: conjunctive cumulation, subjunctive and correlative cumulation.

Because of the functional nature of connectors, cumulation is divided into two fundamental types: subjunctive cumulation and correlative cumulation.

Because of the functional nature of connectors, cumulation is divided into two fundamental types: conjunctive cumulation and subjunctive cumulation.

What is the structure of a cumuleme?

A cumuleme is formed by one independent sentence making up a topical syntactic unity. The first part of the sentence in a cumuleme is its leading sentence; the succeeding part is sequential.

*A cumuleme is formed by two or more independent sentences making up a topical syntactic unity. The first of the sentences in a cumuleme is its leading sentence; the succeeding sentences are sequential.

A cumuleme is formed by three or more independent sentences making up a topical syntactic unity. The first of the sentences in a cumuleme is its leading sentence; the succeeding sentences are sequential.

A cumuleme is formed by two or more dependent sentences making up a topical syntactic unity. The first of the sentences in a cumuleme is its leading sentence; the succeeding sentences are sequential.

What types of the cumuleme do you know?

The basic semantic types of cumulemes are factual, descriptive; modal, reasoning, perceptive, etc.; and mixed.

The basic semantic types of cumulemes are factual, narrative, modal, reasoning, perceptive, etc.; and mixed.

The basic semantic types of cumulemes are narrative, descriptive; modal, reasoning, perceptive, etc.; and mixed.

*The basic semantic types of cumulemes are factual, narrative and descriptive; modal, reasoning, perceptive, etc.; and mixed.

What are the traits of the cumuleme?

*The cumuleme is essentially a feature of all the varieties of speech, both oral and written, both literary and colloquial.

The cumuleme is essentially a feature of the oral speech, both literary and colloquial.

The cumuleme is essentially a feature of the written speech, both literary and colloquial.

The cumuleme is essentially a feature of all the varieties of speech, both oral and written, but only a literally one.

Which statement is true?

*The paragraph is a stretch of written or typed literary text delimited by a new (indented) line at the beginning and an incomplete line at the close.

The paragraph is a stretch of oral or typed literary text delimited by a new (indented) line at the beginning and an incomplete line at the close.

The paragraph is a stretch of oral text delimited by a new (indented) line at the beginning and an incomplete line at the close.

The paragraph is a stretch of typed literary text delimited by a new (indented) line at the beginning and an incomplete line at the close.

What are the features of the paragraph?

The paragraph is a monofunctional unit of written speech and as such is used not only for the written representation of a cumuleme, but also for the introduction of utterances of a dialogue (dividing an occurseme into parts), as well as for the introduction of separate points in various enumerations. The paragraph in a monologue speech can contain more than one cumuleme. The paragraph in a monologue speech can contain only one sentence. The regular function of the one-sentence paragraph is expressive emphasis.

The paragraph is a polyfunctional unit of written speech and as such is used not only for the written representation of a cumuleme, but also for the introduction of utterances of a dialogue (dividing a cumuleme into parts), as well as for the introduction of separate points in various enumerations. The paragraph in a monologue speech can contain more than one cumuleme. The paragraph in a monologue speech can contain only one sentence. The regular function of the one-sentence paragraph is expressive emphasis.

*The paragraph is a polyfunctional unit of written speech and as such is used not only for the written representation of a cumuleme, but also for the introduction of utterances of a dialogue (dividing an occurseme into parts), as well as for the introduction of separate points in various enumerations. The paragraph in a monologue speech can contain more than one cumuleme. The paragraph in a monologue speech can contain only one sentence. The regular function of the one-sentence paragraph is expressive emphasis.

The paragraph is a polyfunctional unit of written speech and as such is used not only for the written representation of a cumuleme, but also for the introduction of utterances of a dialogue (dividing an occurseme into parts), as well as for the introduction of separate points in various enumerations. The paragraph in a dialogue speech can contain more than one cumuleme. The paragraph in a monologue speech can contain only one sentence. The regular function of the one-sentence paragraph is expressive emphasis.

What is supra-cumulation?

interaction of cumulemes and paragraphs into larger textual unities of the correspondingly higher sub-topical status.

*connection of cumulemes and paragraphs into larger textual unities of the correspondingly higher sub-topical status.

negation of cumulemes and paragraphs into larger textual differences of the correspondingly higher sub-topical status.

connection of cumulemes and paragraphs into larger sentences of the correspondingly higher sub-topical status.

It is necessary to know the history of a language in order to ___.

understand the likeness between different languages

understand the relations between the pronunciation and spelling

understand grammatical peculiarities

*points a, b and c taken together

The purpose of History of English is a systematic study of the ___.

language laws

*language development

phonetic peculiarities

grammatical peculiarities

___ are the main source of our knowledge of the past of the language.

textbooks

audio and video records

*old documents and pieces of ancient literature

movies

It possible to learn certain facts of the history of a language at a stage prior to its oldest written documents with the help of the ___ method.

comparative

*comparative-historical

historical

analytical

All the Indo-European languages have sprung from one common language which existed some 5-6 thousand years ago and which is called __.

*Proto-Indo-European

Proto-European

Proto-Indian

Indo-European

The history of the English language is based on ___.

the world history

*the history of England

the history of the USA

the culture of England

History of English is connected with present-day English ___.

theoretical phonetics

theoretical grammar

lexicology

*points a, b and c taken together

The changes in the language caused by extra linguistic factors, such as social changes, wars, conquests, migrations, cultural contacts are ___.

*external

internal

historical

analytical

The causes of changes in the language lying within the language itself are ___.

external

*internal

historical

analytical

Ukrainian and Russian are ___ languages.

*Slavonic

Germanic

Celtic

Romanic

French, Italian and Spanish are ___ languages.

Slavonic

Germanic

Celtic

*Romanic

Irish, Welsh, Gaelic and Breton are ___ languages.

Slavonic

Germanic

*Celtic

Romanic

Old Germanic tribes in the first centuries of our era were passing through the stage of development that is called ___.

*barbarism

feudalism

capitalism

communism

The history of English covers ____ years.

500

1000

*1200

2000

The English scholar ___ proposed the division of the history of English into periods according to the state of unstressed endings.

Karl Verner

*Henry Sweet

Jacob Grimm

Rasmus Rask

The earliest period of the English language is called ___.

*Old English

Middle English

Early Modern English

Late Modern English

The latest period of the English language is called ___.

Old English

Middle English

*Modern English

Early Modern English

The period lying between Old English and Modern English is called ___.

Old English

*Middle English

Early Modern English

Late Modern English

The earliest mention of the British Isles is in the ___.

10^th century BC

5^th century BC

*4^th century BC

4^th century AD

In 55 BC ___ under Julius Caesar first landed in Britain.

the Iberians

the Celts

the Scythians

*the Romans

The Romans spoke the ___ language and brought it to the British Isles.

Romanic

*Latin

French

English

The Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes were ___ tribes that invaded Britain.

*Germanic

Celtic

Arabic

Greek

The Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain began in the middle of the ___ century.

*5th

7th

9th

11th

By the end of the 6^th and the beginning of the 7^th century ___ kingdoms were formed on the territory of Britain conquered by the Germanic tribes.

3

5

*7

10

The history of the English people and the history of the English language began in the ___ century.

4th

*5th

7th

9th

In the 9^th century the ___ dialect became the dominating literary language of the epoch.

Kentish

*West-Saxon

Mercian

Northumbrian

___ words were inherited from the Indo-European parent language and they are represented in all Indo – European languages.

*common Indo-European

common Germanic

specifically English

Latin

___ words are represented in all Germanic languages and found in no other language groups.

common Indo-European

*common Germanic

specifically English

Latin

___ words are found only in the English language.

common Indo-European

common Germanic

*specifically English

Latin

The Scandinavians, or the Danes, were of the ___ race.

*Germanic

Romanic

Celtic

Scythian

In the 11^th century England was ruled by Danish kings and became part of a vast ___ in Northern Europe.

Roman Empire

Danish Empire

*Scandina-vian Empire

Russian Empire

At the end of the ___ century the Scandinavians began to attack Britain.

4th

5th

7th

*8th

The Normans were of ___ origin.

French

*Scandinavian

Roman

Celtic

When the Normans invaded Britain they spoke and were bearers of the ___ language.

Norwegian

*French

Scandinavian

English

The decisive battle between the Normans and Anglo-Saxons took place on ___.

December 12, 1055

October 14, 1166

November 13, 1056

*October 14, 1066

After the Norman Conquest during several centuries the ruling language in England was ___.

English

Scandinavian

*French

Danish

The struggle between French and English ended in the 15^th century by the victory of ___.

French

*English

Latin

Celtic

The need for a unified national language standing above dialects and equally intelligible in all parts of the country was created by ___.

growth of commerce and industry

development of money circulation

wider economic ties between various parts of the country

*points a, b, c taken together

The centralization in the language means ___.

the equal position and independence of all dialects

*the predominance of the national language over local dialects

the dominating position of one of the dialects

the use of the Latin language in all spheres of social life

The introduction of printing and the spread of printed books greatly helped the normalization of ___.

spelling and vocabulary

phonetics and vocabulary

*spelling and grammatical forms

vocabulary and grammatical forms

In the early ___ century the English language penetrated into America.

15th

*17th

18th

19th

About the middle of the ___ century there appeared a tendency to limit the freedom of phonetic and grammatical variants within the national language.

15th

17th

*18th

19th

Altogether about ___ of all the words found in the dictionary of Modern English are said to have been fully or partially borrowed from other languages.

30%

50%

*70%

90%