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Переведите текст, уделяя особое внимание причастиям (Participle I and Participle II). Приведите три основные формы глаголов, от которых произведены причастия.

The Learning spectrum

This paper deals- with learning, by which we intend to include all processes which result in accretion of knowledge.

Learning can assume many forms, depending on who the teacher is, how active a role the learner assumes, what the learner must do to acquire, assimilate and accommodate the new knowledge, etc.

At one extreme, learning is no more than rote memorization. Commonly, a human teacher tells the learner specific bits of information to remember (the multiplication table up to n × n) plus an equally mysterious ritual for evoking an answer (the multiplication algorithm) using that table. Rote learning confers very little ability to use the memorized information in novel ways, but is of course quite an efficient method for transferring well-understood knowledge.

A deeper form of learning is by observation, in which case the teacher provides a (probably carefully-ordered) sequence of stimuli, from which the learner builds models of the concepts to be apprehended. This usually takes the form of series of graded examples, each designed to push slightly on the concepts formed by its predecessors.

But in most real-life situations, much of the difficult work is in designing and executing clever experiments just to obtain a few new pieces of data. This type of learning is guided by a model, by a theory based upon previously seen data.

КОММЕНТАРИЙ К ТЕКСТУ

learning — учение, изучение, ученость, эрудиция

to acquire [ə'kwaɪə] — приобретать, достигать, овладевать (to acquire knowledge — приобрести знания). Это слово следует запоминать в паре со словом

to require [rɪ'kwaɪə] — требовать

rote memorization — механическое запоминание

n × n — n (multiplied) by n — слово ['mʌltɪplaɪd] можно не произносить: n, умноженное на n, или n на n

in which case — и в этом случае (§ 128)

to be apprehended [,æprɪhendɪd] — инфинитив (Passive, см. § 108) в роли определения переводится придаточным определительным предложением: которые следует понять

is guided — направляется, управляется (страдательный залог, § 86)

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Переведите текст. Определите функцию Participle II от глагола to prejudice — I) предубеждать (against — против); 2) располагать (in favour of smb.— в чью-либо пользу).

What is prejudice?

Prejudice arises when people take a statistical approach to man₁ or thing,. We are prejudiced when we read the labels instead of looking at man₁ or thing₁. We are prejudiced when we are content with "averaging out."

All of us carry around in our heads a pack of prejudices. We may be prejudiced against certain races and certain classes. We may be prejudiced against people with immigrant heritages. We have political prejudices, religious prejudices, prejudices against people in other parts of the world and in other parts of our own country, and we can even be prejudiced against people in the next town or in another part of our own town. We can have prejudices about red automobiles, or modern art.

We get an unfavorable picture in our heads and then proceed blindly as though that picture were adequate to represent all people or things that are included under the label. Or we can get a favorable picture in our heads and then blind ourselves to all sorts of unfavorable aspects of man₁ or thing₁. We find what we are looking for, and we are looking for what is already in our minds.

The word "prejudice" means to pre-judge. We judge a person by his name or by the labels applied to him. We close our eyes and act in accordance with the ideas inside our heads. We think we know all about the person or thing, and we refuse to check our knowledge. But we must observe man₁ who stands before us in order to act intelligently and fairly toward him. We do not deal with people-in-general. We deal with individual people and an individual person may not fit the average idea we have. We must remember that man₁ is not man₂ , man₂ is not man₃ etc.

КОММЕНТАРИЙ К ТЕКСТУ

prejudice ['predʒudɪs] — предвзятое мнение, предубеждение, предрассудок

instead of looking — вместо того, чтобы посмотреть

averaging ont ['ævərɪdʒɪŋ] — выведение средней величины

as though that picture were adequate — как если бы это представление (эта картина) было достаточным (чтобы)

... are looking for — Present Continuous Active (§91) — ищем

in order to — для того чтобы