Text 45

Переведите текст, выделяя ряды разного типа. Объясните образование слова identifiability.

System identification

System identification has arisen in different areas of application where the system model is completely unspecified but one wants to predict the system response, to regulate the system, or to simulate the system. The only data available are a sequence of known input and a sequence of noise corrupted output. The intermediate objective is to specify a model which agrees with the statistical data. To perform system identification requires three steps: structure determination, parameter identification, and model verification. Before solving the parameter identification problem, one would address the problem of identifiability of parameters. With an assumed structure, is it ever possible to identify the unknown parameters by extracting information from deterministic input and statistic output data? The capability of answering this question will facilitate the selection of an appropriate model structure. Clearly, one would not select a model structure whose parameters cannot be identified. Thus the question of parameters identifiability is central in the procedures for system identification.

КОММЕНТАРИЙ К ТЕКСТУ

response [rɪs'pɔns] — ответ (in response to — в ответ на...), ответное чувство, отклик, реакция

Text 46

Переведите текст, отмечая случаи нарушения прямого порядка слов в предложении.

Material research

Material research is not new, but the interdisciplinary aspects of materials research now are receiving considerable emphasis. It has been only since chemists, physicists, metallurgists, ceramicists, polymer chemists, and other scientists began studying the detailed structure and properties of materials that the fundamental relationships underlying basic materials phenomena have begun to be understood.

It was not until recently that it has become increasingly evident that the rapid exploitation of new discoveries and their incorporation into the technology depends largely on the combined effects of research scientists and engineers drawn from several different disciplines.

The overwhelming problems of today are forcing the disciplines to seek advice from one another.

Not only does the blending of various disciplines result in enhanced research, but modern materials systems themselves often are created from the integration of two or more materials. These systems do result in new materials having properties not previously available.

It is the lack of materials that are adequate to meet the needs imposed on them that many of the holding problems in our technological development stem from.

КОММЕНТАРИЙ К ТЕКСТУ

interdisciplinary — постарайтесь перевести это производное слово сами, используя одно из значений префикса inter-:

меж- — intermolecular [,ɪntə(:)məu'lekjulə] — межмолекулярный (между молекулами)

между- — international [,ɪntə(:)'næʃənl] — международный

пере- — intersect [,ɪntə(:)'sekt] — перекрешивать(ся), скрешивать(ся), делиться на части

взаимо- — interchange ['ɪntə(:)'tʃeɪndʒ] — взаимообмен.

Постарайтесь не путать этот префикс со сходным по написанию, но противоположным по смыслу префиксом intra-, который означает внутри-: intramolecular [,ɪntrəməu-'lekjulə] — внутримолекулярный (внутри одной молекулы). Сравните: intercellular [,ɪntə(:)'seljulə] — межклеточный и intracellular [,intrə'seljulə] — внутриклеточный.