- •Contents
- •Grammar Terms Glossary ……………………………………………………………. … 88 parts of speech
- •Parts of Speech Poem
- •Structural classification of the sentence
- •A noun
- •A pronoun
- •Part 1.
- •The predicate
- •V erbal nominal verbal nominal
- •Simple verbal predicates
- •Simple nominal predicates
- •Compound verbal aspect predicates
- •Compound nominal predicates
- •Predicatives
- •Link verbs
- •Mixed kinds of predicates
- •Her dream came true
- •Subject-predicate agreement
- •In addition to
- •Including
- •The number # a number
- •Refrain
- •Refrain
- •Refrain
- •Secondary members of the sentence
- •Ways of expressing the object
- •Find the objects, define their types and write the numbers of the sentences in the corresponding column of the chart;
- •Match the objects of the sentences with the parts of speech they are expressed by.
- •The attribute
- •The apposition
- •Apposition
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Independent elements of the sentence
- •I ndependent Elements of the Sentence
- •Interjection Direct Address Parenthesis
- •Word order
- •Objects
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Functions of the verbs “to be” and “to have” in the sentence
- •T o have
- •Imperative sentences
- •Pronouns
- •P ronouns
- •1. Personal Pronouns
- •2. Possessive Pronouns
- •3. Reflexive Pronouns
- •4. Reciprocal Pronouns
- •5. Demonstrative Pronouns
- •Desmond’s Day
- •6. Indefinite Pronouns
- •7. Negative Pronouns
- •8. Interrogative Pronouns
- •Which and who.
- •9. Conjunctive Pronouns
- •10. Relative Pronouns
- •11. Universal Pronouns
- •12. Detaching Pronouns
- •Part b.
- •The noun
- •Structural (Morphological) Classification of Nouns
- •Semantic Classification of Nouns
- •Plural of nouns
- •Regular formation
- •Nouns ending in –y
- •4. Nouns ending in –o
- •5. Nouns ending in –f
- •6. Traditional exceptions.
- •7. Nouns that have no separate plural form
- •Nouns meaning nationality,
- •Nouns meaning some special technical terms
- •8. Nouns of Greek and Latin origin
- •9. Nouns used only in the Singular Form (Singularia Tantum) or agreeing with singular verbs
- •Names of sciences and other fields of people’s activity that end in -ics,
- •Abstract notions (uncountable nouns),
- •10. Nouns used only in the Plural Form (PluraliaTantum)
- •11. Collective Nouns
- •Collective Nouns
- •12. Compound nouns
- •13. Proper nouns
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •Noun quantifiers
- •The possessive case of nouns (the genitive case) Formation of the Possessive Case
- •Use of the Possessive Case
- •How to say numbers
- •The goblet of fire breaks records in the u.S. And britain
- •The adjective Semantic Classification
- •Structural Classification
- •Degrees of comparison of adjectives
- •Irregular formation (traditional exceptions),
- •Spelling:
- •Very much nicer a lot happier a little less expensive slightly
- •Patterns of comparison
- •Sensible similes
- •More ways of comparisons
- •The adverb
- •A dverbs
- •Order of adverbs
- •Degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •Rather – quite - pretty
Abstract notions (uncountable nouns),
e.g. money, knowledge, information, advice, progress, success, news, means, weather, furniture, help, etc.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
It is easier to give advice than to follow it.
No news is good news.
Bad news travels fast.
What is the news?
Where is the money? It is on the table.
Money is the root of all evil.
It was really nasty weather. (The indefinite article can never be used with this noun!)
The weather today is so nice that it is difficult to stay indoors.
Notes:
To make some of these nouns countable, use the words ‘piece’ or ‘bit’,
e.g. That was a very interesting piece/ bit of news.
My uncle gave me three pieces of advice of which I found only one reasonable enough.
Some abstract uncountable nouns can be used with indefinite articles in some set expressions,
to be a help (a great help) to smb
e.g. Her children were a great help to her during her illness.
to have a good knowledge of smth
e.g. He had a good knowledge of mathematics.
a love of smth/ a dislike of smth/ a hatered of smth…
e.g. Greta’s chief asset was a love of music.
10. Nouns used only in the Plural Form (PluraliaTantum)
Clothes consisting of two parts – they always agree with a plural verb,
e.g. trousers, shorts, breeches, pyjamas, knickers, pants, tights, etc.
Look at my new tights! They are torn!
Tools and instruments consisting of two parts - they always agree with a plural verb, e.g. scissors, binoculars, glasses, spectacles, tongs, etc.
These scissors are not sharp. Give me another pair.
c) Nouns that traditionally have no singular form and agree with either with a plural or a singular verb,
outskirts belongings earnings species whereabouts means
thanks
e.g. The outskirts of every big industrial city are dirty and ugly.
This species of birds becomes instinct.
His whereabouts are/ is still unknown.
This means of transport is the cheapest in the country.
d) Nouns whose singular and plural forms have different meanings,
e.g. an arm – рука; arms – оружие.
arms clothes customs congratulations riches spirits
goods looks manners works regards contents
premises savings greens
These nouns are used only with the plural verb,
e.g. All their savings were in the Western European Bank and when it bankrupted, they lost everything.
Give my regards to your parents.
11. Collective Nouns
Nouns that mean a group of people united by one common characteristic can be used either with a singular or plural verb. These nouns include:
family crowd audience public parliament crew government authority class company group team