- •Contents
- •Grammar Terms Glossary ……………………………………………………………. … 88 parts of speech
- •Parts of Speech Poem
- •Structural classification of the sentence
- •A noun
- •A pronoun
- •Part 1.
- •The predicate
- •V erbal nominal verbal nominal
- •Simple verbal predicates
- •Simple nominal predicates
- •Compound verbal aspect predicates
- •Compound nominal predicates
- •Predicatives
- •Link verbs
- •Mixed kinds of predicates
- •Her dream came true
- •Subject-predicate agreement
- •In addition to
- •Including
- •The number # a number
- •Refrain
- •Refrain
- •Refrain
- •Secondary members of the sentence
- •Ways of expressing the object
- •Find the objects, define their types and write the numbers of the sentences in the corresponding column of the chart;
- •Match the objects of the sentences with the parts of speech they are expressed by.
- •The attribute
- •The apposition
- •Apposition
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Independent elements of the sentence
- •I ndependent Elements of the Sentence
- •Interjection Direct Address Parenthesis
- •Word order
- •Objects
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Functions of the verbs “to be” and “to have” in the sentence
- •T o have
- •Imperative sentences
- •Pronouns
- •P ronouns
- •1. Personal Pronouns
- •2. Possessive Pronouns
- •3. Reflexive Pronouns
- •4. Reciprocal Pronouns
- •5. Demonstrative Pronouns
- •Desmond’s Day
- •6. Indefinite Pronouns
- •7. Negative Pronouns
- •8. Interrogative Pronouns
- •Which and who.
- •9. Conjunctive Pronouns
- •10. Relative Pronouns
- •11. Universal Pronouns
- •12. Detaching Pronouns
- •Part b.
- •The noun
- •Structural (Morphological) Classification of Nouns
- •Semantic Classification of Nouns
- •Plural of nouns
- •Regular formation
- •Nouns ending in –y
- •4. Nouns ending in –o
- •5. Nouns ending in –f
- •6. Traditional exceptions.
- •7. Nouns that have no separate plural form
- •Nouns meaning nationality,
- •Nouns meaning some special technical terms
- •8. Nouns of Greek and Latin origin
- •9. Nouns used only in the Singular Form (Singularia Tantum) or agreeing with singular verbs
- •Names of sciences and other fields of people’s activity that end in -ics,
- •Abstract notions (uncountable nouns),
- •10. Nouns used only in the Plural Form (PluraliaTantum)
- •11. Collective Nouns
- •Collective Nouns
- •12. Compound nouns
- •13. Proper nouns
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •Noun quantifiers
- •The possessive case of nouns (the genitive case) Formation of the Possessive Case
- •Use of the Possessive Case
- •How to say numbers
- •The goblet of fire breaks records in the u.S. And britain
- •The adjective Semantic Classification
- •Structural Classification
- •Degrees of comparison of adjectives
- •Irregular formation (traditional exceptions),
- •Spelling:
- •Very much nicer a lot happier a little less expensive slightly
- •Patterns of comparison
- •Sensible similes
- •More ways of comparisons
- •The adverb
- •A dverbs
- •Order of adverbs
- •Degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •Rather – quite - pretty
7. Negative Pronouns
This group of pronouns includes: no, none, nothing, nobody, no one, neither.
‘None’ means “not any of” and usually agrees with a singular verb, though in spoken English it may have a plural verb, e.g.
None of my friends lives near here.
None of those buses goes to London.
How much of the book have you read? – None at all.
“None” can also be used with uncountable nouns, e.g.
He told me all the news but none of it was very exciting.
Is there any more milk? – No, none of it is left.
‘Neither’ is used to talk about two objects, e.g.
Neither of his parents was at home when he came.
Which of these two cars would you buy if you had money? – Neither. I prefer a bicycle. ( = Ни ту, ни другую.)
‘No one’ is the synonym of ‘nobody’ Both of them cannot be followed by the preposition “of”, while “none” can, e.g.
No one wished me a happy birthday and it was very sad.
None of my family wished me a happy birthday, they were all angry with me.
8. Interrogative Pronouns
This group of pronouns includes: who, what, whose, which, whoever, whichever, whatever. They are used to form special questions.
Which and what. There is a difference between them:
which is usually used when there is a limited choice,
what is used when the choice is larger, and it is not clear exactly how many possibilities there are, e.g.
What is your favourite colour?
Which colour would you like: green, red, yellow or brown?
What colour are his eyes?
With nouns that refer to people sometimes “which” is preferred to “what” even when the choice is large, though ‘which’ is more formal in this case than what, e.g.
Which/What writers do you like?
Which and who.
Who is usually used for people no matter whether there is a large or a limited choice, e.g.
Who won – Smith or Brown?
Who do you like best – Julia Roberts or Nicole Kidman?
In modern English only which can be followed by the preposition “of”, e.g.
Who of you has taken my glasses? WRONG!
Which of you has taken my glasses? RIGHT!
9. Conjunctive Pronouns
This group of pronouns includes: who, what, whose, which, whoever, whichever, whatever.
They are the same as interrogative pronouns but they are used to connect subordinate subject, object, predicative and adverbial clauses with the main clause. They combine two functions in the sentence:
they function as a part of the sentence
and connect the clauses.
Conjunctive pronouns are not related to any word in the main clause, e.g.
I don’t know what it is. (predicative)
It is very important who you will choose for this mission. (object)
Do you know whose book this is? (attribute)
I have no idea what he is going to do. (object)
Whoever, whichever, whatever usually have an emphasizing force, e.g.
She doesn’t know whoever it was.