3

МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

ІМЕНІ В. Н. КАРАЗІНА

Brush Up Your Grammar

Посібник для самостійної роботи з

практичної граматики англійської мови

для студентів 4 курсу факультету іноземних мов

Харків – 2011-2012

Self-study GRAMMAR BOOKLET

2010-2011

	Module 1
1	Parts of Speech. ………………………………………………	2
2	Structural classification of the simple sentence	2
3	Communicative types of sentences	4
4	Principal members of the sentence	6
5	The Subject	6
6	The Predicate	7
7	Simple verbal predicates	7
8	Simple nominal predicates	7
9	Compound verbal modal predicates	7
10	Compound verbal aspect predicates	7
11	Compound nominal predicates	8
12	Predicatives	8
13	Link verbs	9
14	Mixed kinds of predicates	10
15	Secondary members of the sentence	11
16	The Object	11
17	The Attribute	12
18	The Apposition	12
19	The Adverbial modifier	13
20	Independent elements of the sentence	15
21	Glossary of grammar terms	18
	Progress Test

Parts of Speech

All parts of speech in English are grouped in different types of classes. This classification is based on three main principles:

1. their grammatical meaning

2. their form

3. their syntactical characteristics

Grammarians distinguish between notional and functional (structural) parts of speech. Notional parts of speech denote extralinguistic phenomena such as things, actions, qualities, emotions etc, while functional denote linguistic phenomena either expressing relations between words or sentences or emphasizing their meaning.

The notional parts of speech include:

1. the noun

2. the verb

3. the adjective

4. the adverb

5. the adlink (words of the category of state = the stative)

6. the pronoun

7. the numeral

8. the modal words

9. the interjection

The functional (structural) parts of speech include:

1. the preposition

2. the conjunction

3. the article

4. the particle

Notes:

1. Different grammarians may give different names to some parts of speech. For example,

• apparently can be called an adverb and a modal word;

• the second part of a phrasal verb (e.g. to break into) can be called a particle, an adverb, an adverb particle or a postposition;

• the articles ‘the’, ‘a’, the pronouns ‘some’, and ‘my’ and some other words can be called determiners when they are used at the beginning of a noun group.

The particle is a part of speech, which can emphasise, limit or intensify the meaning of the word, e.g. Nancy is a student too. He is only a schoolboy. He is just the person I need.

The adlink denotes a temporary state of a person or thing, e.g. When I looked into the room, the child was still awake. I am afraid to stay at home alone.

Some grammarians claim that adlinks start only with the prefex ‘a’, e.g. ablaze, afloat etc., others do not distinguish this part of speech at all.

4. Modal words express the speaker’s evaluation of the relation between the statement made in the sentence and reality, e.g. certainly, of course, perhaps, unfortunately, etc, e.g. I will certainly come tomorrow. Perhaps, she is ill.

5. The numeral denotes an abstract number or the order of things in succession, e.g. There were twenty students in her group. I was the third to answer at the exam.

TASK 1. Sort out the words from the box into the appropriate column of the table. Define what parts of speech the words are. Bear in mind that some words can fall under several categories. Follow the examples.

crawl	rather	Ouch!	both	however
apparently	and	afterwards	too	not
conscious	without	round	lovely	reach
ongoing	further	might	whenever	abroad
flourish	who	mostly	towards	billion

Notional	Both	Structural
run – n; v	yet – adverb; conj	to – preposition; particle