The apposition

The apposition is a kind of an attribute that explains or gives another name or definition to the noun it modifies. It can be of two kinds:

Apposition

Close Loose (detached)

(titles, military ranks, professions, e.g. Her father, the local doctor,

geographical names, relations, etc) knows everybody around.

e.g. Uncle Tom, The River Thames,

Professor Foster, Sir Percival, etc.

**TASK 22. Sort out the sentences below according to the type of the apposition.

Close Apposition	Loose Apposition

1. Maria, the mother, didn’t take off her coat during the whole conversation.

2. Mother Teresa’s deeds are known and valued all over the world.

3. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.

4. On Tuesday morning, after breakfast, Mr. Murray loaded Julie into the back of his truck and drove her to the weekly sale.

5. Philippa, the youngest child, was so tired after the journey that she slept for three days.

6. John, at that time a university student, wrote several articles on architecture.

7. Todd, a strong, muscular boy, was much taller than his father.

8. Sophia Loren, the famous actress, was born in Italy.

9. In spite of his anger, Dr. Watson carefully listened to Sherlock Holmes.

10. Once on a dark winter day an odd-looking girl, the main character of our story, was dreaming and thinking of odd things.

The adverbial modifier

***TASK 23. There are many types of adverbial modifiers which present difficulty for those who study grammar. This task will help you to sort this material out.

Step 1. Study the information about the adverbial modifier given in the table and use it in the tasks given below.

Type of Adverbial Modifier	Questions/ Prompts	The number of the sentence
1. Place (direction, destination, distance)	Where? Where to? How far? Where from?	1;
2. Time (frequency, duration, time)	When? How often? How long?
3. Manner	How? In what way? By what means? Often introduced by the prepositions and conjunctions “with; without; by; by means of; with the help of; so; like this/that; thus ”
4. Cause/ reason	Why? For what reason? Often introduced by the prepositions ‘thanks to; due to; owing to; on account of; for the reason of’	1;
5. Purpose	What for? For what purpose? Often introduced by the prepositions ‘in order to; so as; for’
6. Result/ consequence	No identifying questions. It is usually expressed by the infinitive or an infinitive phrase. Very often used with adverbs of degree such as “too; enough” e.g. The apples are not ripe enough to eat. We are too clever to believe him.
7. Condition	In what case? On what condition? Often introduced by the prepositions ‘but for; except for; without’ and conjunctions ‘if; unless’
8. Concession	In spite of what? Often introduced by the prepositions ‘in spite of; despite; for all; with all’ and the conjunction ‘thought’
9. Attendant circumstances and subsequent events	No identifying questions. It expresses some fact that accompanies the event presented by the modified part of the sentence. e.g. He sat quietly in his armchair smoking his pipe. (attendant circumstances - He sat and smoke) Fred said something to her, receiving no answer. (subsequent events – He said something to her but after that did not receive any answer.)
10. Comparison	Introduced by the conjunctions “than; as … a; as if; as though; like”
11. Degree and measure	How much? How long? To what extent? To what degree?
12. Exception	Except what? Often introduced by the prepositions “but, but for, except for, apart from, etc’

Step 2. Put the numbers of the sentences into the grid according to the type of the adverbial modifier. One sentence can have more than one adverbial modifier.The first one is done for you.

1. Jack hurried to the class in order not to be late. (place + reason)

2. Jessica is very much upset, she sang badly at the concert yesterday.

3. Did you fail your exam because of me?

4. Pat was happy just being with her old grandmother.

5. Without faith there can be no cure.

6. The children helped the mother to set the table for dinner.

7. When I came out it was still raining.

8. Tessa walked with quick short steps.

9. Thanks to his parents James got an education.

10. It was too cold to go out, so we stayed inside.

11. Though he was a bad painter, he had a delicate feeling for art.

12. But for you I would have been late for the meeting.

13. The travellers had walked thirty miles without meeting a single living soul.

14. Jason is much taller than his father.

15. I’ll do it if necessary.

16. Julia’s nurse uniform is always as white as snow.

17. Debby looks very much like her mother.

18. Patrick was fool enough to believe them.

19. It was 5 degrees below zero yesterday.

20. Our cat eats nothing but fish.