Страдательный залог

(PASSIVE VOICE)

Если подлежащее в предложении само осуществляет действие, то мы говорим о глаголе-сказуемом в действительном залоге (Active Voice).

Если подлежащее подвергается воздействию со стороны другого лица или предмета (т.е. является объектом действия), то мы говорим о глаголе в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice). Обычно эта форма используется тогда, когда неважно или неизвестно, кто выполнил то или иное действие.

Сказуемое в PV образуется по формуле:

To be + Participle II

Simple (Indefinite)	Continuous	Perfect
Present The farm/ is / built /s /are	The farm/ is/ being built /s /are	The farm/ has/ been built /s /have
Past The farm/ was/ built /s /were	The farm/ was/ being built /s /were	The farm/ had been built /s
Future The farm/ will be built /s	–	The farm/ will have been built /s

Варианты перевода p.V. На русский язык

1. Сочетанием глагола быть и краткого страдательного причастия:

The house was built in 1991. Дом был построен в 1991 году.

В настоящем времени глагол-связка «есть» опускается:

The house is built. Дом (есть) построен.

2. Возвратными глаголами (-ся, -сь)

The house is being built. Дом строится.

3. Неопределенно-личными предложениями

(Подразумевается подлежащее ОНИ):

I am asked.

Меня спрашивают.

4. Предложением в действительном залоге, если указано лицо, выполняющее действие.

I am asked by the teacher.

Меня спрашивает учитель.

Лицо, выражающее действие, вводится в предложение предлогом by.

Предмет, с помощью которого выполняется действие, — предлогом with.

The work is done by the students.	Эта работа выполнена студентами.
Soup is eaten with a spoon.	Суп едят ложкой.

Особые случаи перевода p.V. На русский язык

Глаголы, требующие после себя предложного дополнения (to look at, to look for, to listen to, to speak about, to send for, etc) в пассивной форме сохраняют предлог. В этом случае он (предлог) переводится перед подлежащим.

The doctor was sent for. — За доктором послали.

Jim was written about in the newspaper.— О Джиме написали в газете.

Особо следует обратить внимание на перевод глаголов, которые не требуют после себя предложного дополнения в английском предложении, но соответствуют русским глаголам с предложным дополнением (to follow — следовать за, to affect, to influence — влиять на, etc.)

В этом случае перевод предлога перед подлежащим обязательно.

The man is followed by the dog. — За мужчиной следует собака.

Gold is not affected by moisture. — На золото не влияет влага.

Упр. 1. Закончите предложения, употребив сказуемое в страдательном залоге:

1. We were invited (invite) to the party but we didn’t go.

2. The museum is very popular. Every year it ................ (visit) by thousands of people.

3. Many buildings .................................... (damage) in the storm last week.

4. «Where’s your jacket?» «It .......................(clean). It will be ready tomorrow».

5. She’s famous now, but in a few years her name will ...................... (forget).

6. «Shall I do the washing-up?» «No, it ...............................(already/do)».

7. .............................................................. (you/ever/bite) by a snake?

8. My bag .......................................... (steal) from my car yesterday afternoon.

Упр. 2. Закончите предложения, употребив сказуемое в действительном или страдательном залоге:

1. They are building (build) a new airport at the moment.

2. These shirts are clean now. They have been washed (wash).

3. «How did you fall?» «Somebody ........................... (push) me».

4. «How did you fall?» «I .......................................... (push)».

5. I can’t find my bag. Somebody ................................. (take) it!

6. My watch is broken. It ............................................. (repair) at the moment.

7. Who ......................................................................... (invent) the camera?

8. When ....................................................................... (the camera/invent)?

9. The letter was for me, so why .................................. (they/send) it to you?

10. The information will ...................................... (send) to you as soon as possible.

Упр. 3. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык:

а) 1. I was asked to fill in the form in both Russian and English.

2. We weren’t told to give the English translation.

3. The tourists are asked to be in the hotel lobby at exactly ten.

2. The children were allowed to stay up as long as the adults.

2. The singer was given so many flowers that she could hardly hold them.

3. Our counterparts have just been shown round the factory.

4. All the important things have been explained to them.

5. He’s been appointed ambassador to an African country.

6. Excuse me, you are wanted on the phone.

7. He’s never been taught to play the piano, has he?

2. 1. Two more typists have just been sent for.

2. His recent publication’s much talked about.

2. All the children are looked after by trained nurses.

Упр. 4. Измените залог, использовав выделенные слова в качестве подлежащего:

Дано:	Nobody asked me to call back.
Требуется:	I wasn’t asked to call back.

1. A friend has invited me to a birthday party.

2. Did they ask you many questions?

3. We didn’t allow them to change anything in the design.

4. They appointed him president of the new firm.

5. We’ve already sent for the doctor.

6. We’ll agree on the changes at the next meeting.

7. People talked about his recent work at the conference.

8. We have already dealt with the price problem.

Упр. 5. Напишите новые предложения в страдательном залоге с тем же значением:

1. Somebody has stolen my keys.	My keys have been stolen.
2. Somebody stole my car last week.	My car ....................................
3. Somebody wants you on the phone.	You .........................................
4. Somebody has eaten the bananas.	The ..........................................
5. Somebody will repair the machine.	The ..........................................
6. Somebody is watching us.	We ..........................................
7. Somebody has to buy the food.	The ..........................................

Упр. 6. Какие вопросы необходимо задать, чтобы получить такие ответы:

1. Jane was asked to file those papers, not me!

2. Joan’s wanted on the phone, not John!

3. I was only offered that job a few days ago.

4. This monument was designed by a very well-known architect.

5. The date will be agreed on next week.

6. I was taught the piano at a music school.

7. Three specialists are going to be interviewed for the job.

Упр. 7. Прочитайте и переведите. Обратите внимание на инфинитив страдательного залога:

1. Everything can be arranged in good time.

2. Our obligations under the contract can only be fulfilled if we are given answers to all the questions on this list.

3. If the weather doesn’t change for the better, the match may be cancelled.

4. If don’t get well by Friday, our appointment will have to be put off.

5. All spheres of life are going to be represented at the exhibition.

6. Is anything else going to be done in the near future?

7. This equipment has to be looked after like a baby!

8. All these things will have to be agreed on.

Упр. 8. Составьте предложения, как показано в модели:

The goods must be shipped in May.

1) to discuss business matters before you sign a contract;

2) to send the Notification of Readiness to the Buyers;

3) to open the Letter of Credit;

4) to make payment against the documents;

5) to hold the talks.

Упр. 9. Задайте вопрос и ответьте на него, как показано в модели:

When are you to complete the work?

The work is to be completed by the end of May.

1) to deliver the goods;

2) to complete the construction of the plant;

3) to discuss the terms of the contract;

4) to hold the talks;

5) to make the tests of the compressors;

6) to make payment.

Упр. 10. Задайте вопрос и ответьте на него, как показано в модели:

For what day should the appointment with the President be made?

I think the appointment should be made for Wednesday.

1) to book tickets to the theatre;

2) to appoint the talks;

3) to reserve a table at the Restaurant;

4) to make a reservation for the flight;

5) to plan the tests of the pumps;

6) to buy tickets to the exhibition.