Совершенные времена

Совершенные времена употребляются для выражения законченного действия, уже завершившегося к моменту речи, или указанному моменту в прошлом либо действие, которое завершится к указанному моменту в будущем. И в зависимости от того, к какому моменту завершается действие, различают Present (настоящее), Past (прошедшее) или Future (будущее) совершенные времена. И говорящий акцентирует внимание на результате действия, а не на процессе как в Continuous Tenses.

Сказуемое в Perfect Tenses образуется вспомогательным глаголом to have в соответствующем времени и причастием II смыслового глагола

Present Perfect

Настоящее совершённое время образуется из вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени и причастие II смыслового глагола. Причастие II стандартных глаголов образуется путем прибавления окончания -ed к основе глагола, а у нестандартных глаголов это третья форма глагола.

I have brought you an interesting book.		Я принес вам интересную книгу.
He has finished his work.	Он закончил свою работу.
Have you done your homework.	Вы приготовили домашнее задание?
She hasn’t read the newspaper.	Она не читала эту газету.

Обратите внимание, что в русском языке нет формы, соответствующей Present Perfect, т.к. о совершившемся действии по-русски можно говорить только в прошедшем времени.

Упр. 1. Переведите предложения.

Обратите внимание, что время Present Perfekt используется для действия, которое имело место в прошлом, но результат проявляется сейчас.

1. I’ve lost my passport. (= I can’t find my passport now)

2. ‘Where’s Linda?’ She’s gone to bed. (= she is in bed now)

3. We’ve bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)

4. It’s Rachel’s birthday tomorrow and I haven’t bought her a present.

5. Bob is on holiday. Oh, where has he gone?

6. Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it?

Упр. 2. Закончите предложения, используя данные глаголы:

break, buy, decide, forget, go, go, invite, see, not/see, take, tell.

1. Can I have this newspaper? Yes, I ‘ve finished with it.

2. I _________________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them?

3. Where is Liz? She _______________________ out.

4. I’m looking for Paula. _____________ you ___________ her?

5. Look! Somebody __________________ that window.

6. Does Lisa know that you’re going away? Yes, I __________ her.

7. I can’t find my umbrella. Somebody ______________ it.

8. I’m looking for Sarah. Where _______ she __________?

9. I know that woman but I _________________ her name.

10. Sue is having a party tonight. She ___________ a lot of people.

11. What are you going to do? __________ you _________?

12. Where are my glasses? I don’t know. I ____________ them.

Упр. 3. Прочитайте вслух и переведите, обращая внимание на употребление времен:

a. 1. I’ve written an answer to their letter.

I wrote an answer to their letter yesterday.

2. She’s been to France three times.

She’s gone to France for a week.

She went to France a week ago.

3. We’ve seen all the exhibits here. Let’s go to another room.

We saw a lot of interesting exhibits last time.

4. Ann and Bob are here. The others have left.

They left half an hour ago.

2. 1. «I’m looking for Jane. Have you seen her?» «Yes.» «When did you see her?» «Before lunch break».

2. «Have they answered our fax?» «Yes, they have. Here’s their answer. Have a look».

3. «Have we discussed all the questions?» «No, there are some left»

4. Have you made all your calls? If not, take your time, we can wait.

5. «Have you travelled much?» «Yes, I’ve been to eleven different countries». «Oh, have you?»

c. 1. «I haven’t seen all the models». «Neither have I»

2. «Nancy hasn’t come. I think she’s ill». «I don’t think so. She’s late as usual».

3. Excuse me, I haven’t asked all my questions.

4. Alex hasn’t gone home. He’s still in his office.

В предложениях Present Perfect точное время действия не указывается, оно может быть указано с помощью наречий неопределенного времени, таких как: already — уже, just — только что, never — никогда, ever — когда-либо, yet — уже, ещё и т.д., а также обстоятельствами, обозначающими период времени, который к данному моменту ещё не истек: today, this month, this week и т.п.

Are Linda and Paul here?	Линда и Пол здесь?
No, they have not arived yet.	Нет, они ещё не приехали.
They have met today.	Они встретились сегодня.

Past Perfect

Прошедшее совершенное (предпрошедшее) время употребляется для выражения действия, закончившегося к определенному моменту в прошлом или до другого действия в прошлом. Аналога в русском языке нет.

We had studied the material before we began to work in the laboratory.	Мы изучили этот материал, прежде чем начали работать в лаборатории.
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.	Когда Сара прибыла на вечеринку, Пол уже уехал домой.

Упр. 4. Прочитайте вслух и объясните, почему употреблено то или иное время:

1. When we arrived at the theatre, the play had already begun.

2. When we arrived at the theatre, the play hadn’t begun yet.

3. When we arrived at the theatre, the play was beginning.

4. It was five to ten in the morning. The exhibition had not yet opened, but all the preparations for the opening ceremony had been made, and a lot of people who had come to watch it were waiting outside.

5. Many reporters wanted to talk to the winner, but he was too tired to talk. He had run a long race and wanted to rest. He was very happy, because it was his first real victory. He had never taken part in such an outstanding event before.

race [res] n — любое соревнование на скорость: бег, скачки и т.д.;

victory [‘vktәr] — победа.

Упр. 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив необходимую глагольную форму:

When we (join) a group of tourists, who (stand) in front of an old church and (listen) to the guide, she already (tell) them most of the story. When she (finish) speaking, I (go up) to her and (ask) her a few questions. She (be) kind enough to answer them, and I (find out) that the church (be designed and built) at the turn of the 15^th century by an unknown architect.

Упр. 6. Прочитайте начало детективных рассказов и придумайте свои версии окончания:

1. When John was driving home, he had an unpleasant feeling that something had happened while he was away. He parked the car and went to open the front door. He turned the key, the door opened, and he found himself in the hall. When he went into the sitting room, he saw that someone had been there, because the room was in a terrible mess. Then he remembered that he hadn’t locked the front door. He turned to go and lock the door and saw a man standing in the hall. John thought he had seen the face before. «What are you doing here?» he asked. «I … I have lost my way», the stranger answered …

lock — запереть stranger [‘strendʒә ] n c — незнакомец

2. When the detectives arrived, the auction was in full swing. A picture by a famous painter had just been sold. The new owner had paid an enormous sum for it. He did not know that the picture had been stolen from an art gallery in a small European state. The auctioneer did not know that either, but the detectives did …

steal (stole, stolen) — украсть auctioneer [,Ɔ :kә’nә] n c — аукционер

Future Perfect

Будущее совершённое время употребляется для выражения действия, которое закончится к определенному моменту или действию в будущем.

They will have studied the problem before they begin their practical work.	Они изучат этот вопрос, прежде чем начнут практическую работу.
We’ll have translated the text by the end of the lesson.	Мы переведем этот текст к концу урока.