- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
Executive summary
This book is an overview of existing Theoretical background, Legal bases and best practice examples on existing Energy Saving Technologies.
Chapter 1: Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
The overview of Energy Saving Technologies, and its application of practice examples promoted by European strategies in power supply.
cogeneration, traditional, DER
efficient control systems
smart metering concept
Chapter 2: Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy
The technological overview for energy transmission, distribution, such as: flexible AC transmission systems, DC transmission systems, efficient control and metering system
Chapter 3: Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
The overview of Electric drives as Energy Saving Technologies are given in particular: optimal selection of electric motor power and application of frequency-regulated electric drives are described as well as SCADA system application; monitoring of unauthorised connections
Chapter 4: Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
Efficient Lighting, Energy consumption by transport …
Chapter 5: Legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
EU Directives on Energy Efficiency [2], on Promotion of the use of energy [3] Energy Effective Lighting [4], and Energy Performance of Buildings Directive [5] are described; the main concept and application areas as well as benefits from using those concepts are described in the chapter.
Introduction
According to the definition given by International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy efficiency is a way of managing and restraining the growth in energy consumption. Something is more energy efficient if it delivers more services for the same energy input, or the same services for less energy input.
Energy efficiency offers a powerful and cost-effective tool for achieving a sustainable energy future. Improvements in energy efficiency can reduce the need for investment in energy infrastructure, cut energy bills, improve health, increase competitiveness and improve consumer welfare. Environmental benefits can also be achieved by the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and local air pollution. Energy security – the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price – can also profit from improved energy efficiency by decreasing the reliance on imported fossil fuels.
The IEA promotes energy efficiency policy and technology in buildings, appliances, transport and industry, as well as end-use applications such as lighting. IEA analysis has led to the development of 25 energy efficiency recommendations which identify best-practice, highlighting the opportunities for energy efficiency improvements and policy approaches in each sector to realise the full potential of energy efficiency for our member countries [1].
The deployement on new Energy Saving Technologies in study programs of TEMPUS project partners is a key for career development of students and future engineers and experts and will further the development of energy sustainability concept in the European Union and Neiborhood areas.
A joint team is composed of the researchers from Riga Technical University, Belarusian National Technical University, Belarusian State University; Katholieke Hogeschool Brugge-Oostende; University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica; "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati; and Vilnius University technical experts in electrical engineering. The team of authors within the framework of this project has carried out a practice of available novel technologies in the field of energy saving, and elaborated this book as a first step aiming technology development and accommodation for regional needs.