
- •Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
- •Content
- •Introduction 10
- •1. Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy 11
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •1.Energy Saving Technologies in generation, conversion of electrical energy
- •1.1.Cogeneration
- •1.1.1.Introduction
- •1.1.2.Performance indices of cogeneration systems
- •1.1.3.Types of cogeneration systems
- •Comparison of Fuel Cell Systems [12].
- •1.1.4.Distributed energy resources
- •Characteristics of cchp Systems [15].
- •References
- •1.2.Smart metering concept
- •1.2.1.Introduction
- •1.2.2.Communication concept of smart metering
- •1.2.2.1.Customer domain
- •1.2.2.2.Critical infrastructure energy domain
- •1.2.2.3.The utility business market communication domain
- •1.2.2.4.Third parties services - data analysis
- •Ip service provider’s domain
- •1.2.3.Wireless sensor networks in smart metering
- •1.2.3.1.Main characteristics of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.3.2.Examples of application of wireless sensor networks
- •1.2.4.Security issues
- •1.2.5.The future of smart metering
- •1.3. Energy from biomass
- •1.3.1. Biomass resources
- •Yeld of Som Biomass Types [2].
- •Yield of Agricultural Residues [2].
- •1.3.1.Biomass conversion technologies
- •Characteristics of Solid Biofuels and their Effects.
- •Ultimate Analysis of Different Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Proximate Analysis of Solid Biofuels (Dry Basis) [5, 6, 7].
- •Characteristics of Compacted Biomass [2].
- •Higher Heating Value of Solid Biofuels [8, 9, 10].
- •Composition of Biomass Ash [5, 13].
- •Types of Biomass Furnaces [14].
- •Heat Capacity of Combustible Gas [17].
- •Contaminants in Combustible Gas: Problems and Cleanup Methods [17].
- •Syngas Quality Parameters.
- •Operating Parameters of Pyrolysis Processes.
- •1.4.Energy Storage
- •1.4.1.Introduction
- •1.4.2.Classification of energy storage technologies
- •Types of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications [2].
- •1.4.3.Characteristics of energy storage techniques
- •1.4.4.Direct electric storage
- •1.4.5.Electrochemical energy storage
- •1.4.6.Mechanical energy storage
- •The response time of sudden changes in electrical demand for power plants [5].
- •1.4.7.Thermal energy storage
- •Physical Properties of Sensible Energy Storage Media [7, 8]
- •Commercial Phase Change Materials which can be Used for Heat Storage in the Buildings [10].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by eps Ltd, uk [11].
- •Properties of Some Phase Change Materials Produced by teap Energy, Australia [11].
- •Properties of some phase change materials (paraffins) produced by the Rubitherm GmbH Germany [11].
- •Chemical Storage Materials and Reactions [8].
- •Main Characteristics of Energy Storage Materials [8].
- •References
- •1.5.Waste heat recovery
- •1.5.1.Characteristics of waste heat
- •Sources of waste heat at high-temperature range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Medium-Temperature Range [2].
- •Sources of Waste Heat at Low-Temperature Range [2].
- •1.5.2.Waste heat recovery systems
- •Waste Heat Recovery Systems [3].
- •Heat Exchangers Characteristics.
- •References
- •1.6.Energy Saving Technologies of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and lignocarbonaceous Waste
- •1.6.1.Introduction
- •1.6.2.Pyrolysis
- •1.6.3.1.2 Torrefaction
- •1.6.4.1.3 Fast pyrolysis
- •1.6.5.1.4. Flash and ultra-rapid pyrolysis
- •1.6.6.1.5. Solar driven pyrolysis
- •1.6 Pyrolizer types
- •1.7.Gasification
- •1.8. Poly-generation of heat, power and biofuel
- •1.9.Design of renewable energy systems for small (local) consumers - description of a software for design and examples of design exercises.
- •1.9.1.Introduction.
- •1.9.2.A software for design renewable energy systems.
- •1.9.3.Description of the polysun platform
- •1.9.3.1.Polysun modules
- •1.9.3.2.User Interface
- •1.9.3.2.1.Menu bar
- •1.9.3.2.2.Icon bar
- •1.9.3.2.3.Managing the project.
- •1.9.3.2.4.Project tools
- •1.9.4.Creating a project
- •1.9.4.1.Design steps of the simple solar system.
- •1.9.4.2.Design steps of the pv system.
- •1.9.5.Result analysis and reports
- •1.9.5.1.The results of simulation
- •1.9.5.2.Reports
- •1.9.6.Literature
- •Conclusion
- •2.Energy Saving Technologies in transmission, distribution of electrical energy Energy Cost and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
- •Introduction
- •2.1.Opf problem formulation for distribution networks
- •2.1.1.Objective function
- •2.1.2.Constraints
- •Dg units modeling for optimal power flow
- •Opf Solution Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
- •Opf Solution Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
- •2.2.Dc transmission systems
- •3. Energy Saving Technologies: in industry
- •3.1. Electric Motors
- •3.2. Electrical Drives
- •3.1.Waste heat utilization technologies
- •Introduction
- •1 Sources of waste heat
- •2 Main definitions used for heat waste assessment
- •3 Using of waste heat for heating and hot water supply. Equipment for using of industrial waste heat
- •3.1 Closed-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •3.2 Opened-circuit schemes of waste heat utilization
- •Indirect Contact Condensation Recover
- •4. Utilization of low-temperature heat waste
- •4.1 Heat pumps
- •Common types of industrial heat pumps
- •4.2 Applications of heat pumps in drying process
- •4.2.1 Closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps for lumber drying
- •4.2.2 Evaporation - open-cycle mechanical vapour compression (mvc) for sugar solution concentration
- •4.2.3 Thermo-compression for paper-dryer flash steam recovery
- •4.3 Heat pumps working fluids
- •5 Using of waste heat for power generation
- •5.1 The opportunity for waste heat to power generation
- •5.2 Applicable Technologies
- •5.3 Applications
- •Using of combustible waste
- •7 Economic efficiency analysis of heat waste utilization
- •4.Energy Saving Technologies: in public and private sector
- •4.1.Building: fundamental physical processes in buildings and building envelopes. Reduction of heat losses. Heating and conditioning. Heat pumps.
- •5.Supercapacitors
- •Viesturs Brazis
- •5.1.Supercapacitor energy storage
- •5.1.1.Introduction
- •5.1.2.Supercapacitor design
- •5.1.3.Supercapacitor energy storage systems
- •5.1.4.Simulation of supercapacitor energy storage system
- •5.1.5.Ess scaling
- •5.1.6.Conclusions
- •5.1.7.Tasks
- •References
- •5. Standartisation and legal bases on existing Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.2.Introduction
- •5.3.Legistlative base mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.4.Legistlative base non - mandatory for eu Member states
- •5.5.Eu supported actions for development of Energy Saving Technologies
- •5.6.Iso 50001 - Energy management
- •5.7.Conclusions
- •References
Energy Saving Technologies Riga Technical University
Printing house
Riga, 2013
This document has been prepared by the financial support of the European Union. The authors from Riga Technical University, Belarusian National Technical University, Belarusian State University; Katholieke Hogeschool Brugge-Oostende; University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica; "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati; and Vilnius University are responsible for the content of this document and it can not be regarded as the European Union's official position.
The book is developed within the frames of project “Development of Training Network for Improving Education in Energy Efficiency” acronym: ENERGY, grant Nr. 530379-TEMPUS-1-2012-1-LVTEMPUS-JPCR.
Project was approved by the European Commission in frame of program Tempus IV – Fifth call for proposals (Programme guide EACEA/25/2011).
Sub-programme: Joint Projects
Action: Curricular Reform
Deliverable: 2.1 Development and translation of study courses within the frame of direction enhancement of energy efficiency (EEE).
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission Project. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein.
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Project Scientific Manager: Leonids Ribickis
Project Manager: Anatolijs Zabašta
Editors: Anastasija Zhiravecka, Nadezhda Kunicina
Coordinator institution: Riga Technical University
Contributors
Aleksy Patryn, professor, electronics & physics. KTU: Koszalin University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Computer Sciences, Śniadeckich Str. 2, 75-452 Koszalin, Poland, tel. +48 3478719, aleksy.patryn@tu.koszalin.pl
Alena Ivashchanka, senior lecturer, cand.science, engineering. BNTU, Belorussian National Technical Univercity, Faculty of Management Technologies and Humanitarization, UNESCO Chair Energy Conservation and Renewable Energies, Av. Nezavisimosti, 65, build.18b, off. 104, Minsk, 220013, Belarus, tel. +375172939624, mob. +375297951908, lene_violet@mail.ru, unesco@bntu.by
Alexander V. Mazanik, associate professor, head scientific researcher. Belarusian State University, Physical faculty, Department of Energy Physics, 4, Nezavisimosti avenue, 220030, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, tel. +375-17-2095359, amazanik1@rambler.ru
Anastasija Zhiravecka, associate professor, senior researcher, electrical engineering. IEEI: Riga Technical Univ., Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 1, Kronvalda bulv. off. 202, Riga, LV 1050, Latvia, tel. +371 67089917, Zhiravecka@eef.rtu.lv
Anatolijs Zabasta, researcher, electrical engineering. IEEI: Riga Technical Univ., Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 1, Meza. off. 208, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia, tel. +371 67089051, Anatolijs.Zabashta@rtu.lv
Ansis Avotins, Chief Laboratory Manager, Researcher, electrical engineering. IEEI: Riga Technical Univ., Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 1, Kalku Str. off. 218, Riga, LV 1658, Latvia, tel. +371 67089919, fax. +37167089941, Ansis.Avotins@rtu.lv
Gennadij Palchonok, associate professor, cand.science, engineering, Ph.D (Chalmers, Sweden). BNTU, Belorussian National Technical Univercity of Management Technologies and Humanitarization, UNESCO Chair Energy Conservation and Renewable Energies, Av. Nezavisimosti, 65, build.18b,off. 104, Minsk, 220013, Belarus, tel. +375172939624, g.palchonok@mail.ru
Ion V. Ion, associate professor, senior researcher, mechanical engineering. "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Thermal Systems and Environmental Engineering Department, 111, Domneasca St., off. G102, Galati, 800201, Romania, tel. +40740566214, ion.ion@ugal.ro
Isabelle Vervenne, lecturer electrical engineering, researcher, KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Research Group ReMI Campus Oostende, Zeedijk 101, 8400 Oostende, Belgium Tel: +32 (0)59 90 00, isabelle.vervenne@khbo.be
Joan Peuteman, professor, electrical engineering KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Research Group ReMI Campus Oostende, Zeedijk 101, 8400 Oostende, Belgium Tel: +32 (0)59 90 00, joan.peuteman@khbo.be
Leonids Ribickis, Prof., Dr. habil.sc. ing. Leonids Ribickis is a rector of Riga Technical University (RTU), head of Division of Industrial Electronic equipment, faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, RTU, director of Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical engineering, Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, RTU, and a scientific head of Electromechatronics Scientific Laboratory, 1, Kalku Str. off. 217, Riga, LV 1658, Latvia, tel. +371 67089300, Leonids.Ribickis@rtu.lv
Leszek Bychto, adiunkt, electronics. KTU: Koszalin University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Computer Sciences, Śniadeckich Str. 2, 75-452 Koszalin, Poland, tel. +48 3478724, leszek.bychto@tu.koszalin.pl
Nadezhda Kunicina, associate professor, senior researcher, electrical engineering. IEEI: Riga Technical Univ., Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 1, Kalku Str. off. 218, Riga, LV 1658, Latvia, tel. +371 67089052, Nadezda.Kunicina@rtu.lv
Natalia Khutskaya, associate professor, cand.science, engineering. Belorussian National Technical University, Faculty of Management Technologies and Humanitarization, UNESCO Chair Energy Conservation and Renewable Energies, Av. Nezavisimosti, 65, build.18b, off. 104, Minsk, 220013, Belarus, tel. +375172939624, nkhutskaya@mail.ru
Nina A. Karbalevich, associate professor. Belarusian State University, Physical faculty, Department of Energy Physics, 4, Nezavisimosti avenue, 220030, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, tel. +375-17-2095451, Karbalevich@bsu.by
Renaat De Craemer, head of department of electronics and ICT, KU Leuven University, Faculty of Engineering Technology, ReMI research group, Zeedijk 101, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium, tel. +32 59 569 010, renaat.decraemer@khbo.be
Viesturs Brazhis, associate professor, senior researcher, electrical engineering. IEEI: Riga Technical Univ., Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 1, Kronvalda bulv. off. 207, Riga, LV 1050, Latvia, tel. +371 67089915, Viesturs.Brazis@rtu.lv