Вpемена гpуппы perfect (active and passive)

Вpемена гpуппы Perfect выpажают действия, законченные к опpеделенному моменту в настоящем, пpошедшем или будущем.

Вpемена гpуппы Perfect (Active) обpазуются пpи помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в соответствующем вpемени, лице и числе и пpичастия пpошедшего вpемени (Particeple II) смыслового глагола.

	Past	Present	Future
+	had + PII	have + PII has	shall + have + PII will
_	had + not + PII	have not + PII has	shall + not + have + PII will
?	had + Sub.+ PII	have + Sub. + PII has	shall + Sub. + have+ PII will

Для времени группы Perfect характерно употребление:

1. наречий неопределенного времени, которые обычно стоят между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами: never - никогда, ever - когда-нибудь, just - только что, not yet - еще не, already - уже.

2. предлога since - с (с какого-то момента в прошлом до настоящего времени); by - к (к какому-то времени).

3. союза since - с тех пор, как; before - прежде чем.

I have just finished this work.

Я только что закончил эту работу.

Had they finished this work by 9 o'clock ?

Они закончили эту работу к 9 часам ?

We shall not have finished this work before you come.

Мы не закончим эту работу, прежде чем вы придете.

Времена группы Perfect (Passive) образуются из сочетания вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующей временной форме Perfect c причастием прошедшего времени (Participle II) cмыслового глагола.

	Past	Present	Future
+	had +been + PII	have + been + PII has	shall + have been + PII will
_	had + not been + PII	have not been+PII has	shall +not+have been+PII will
?	had+S+been+PII	have + S+been+PII has	shall +S+have been+ PII will

This work has just been finished.

Эта работа только что закончена.

This work had been finished by the end of the last year.

Эта работа была закончена к концу прошлого года.

This work will not have been finished by the end of this week.

Эта работа не будет закончена к концу этой недели.

E X E R C I S E

 Прочтите, найдите сказуемое, определите время и залог, в котором оно стоит, предложения переведите.

1) I have already heard the results of this trial.

2) The English judicial system has been made by judges and Parliaments.

3) If you come to the court late in the afternoon, the judge will have already declared his decision.

4) This young man became a good investigator after many serious crimes had been examined by him.

5) The United States court system has changed greatly throughout the history of the country.

6) The power of veto has not been used by the Queen over two hundred years.

7) The sentence will not have been passed by the end of the first day of the trial.

8) There have been considerable changes in the administration of the courts of our country in post-war time.

9. Laws passed by the two Houses of Parliament in England do not become effective untill the Queen has signed them.

10) The district People's Court had considered this criminal case by the end of the week.