Усилительная конструкция

it is(was) ... that (who)

Конструкция it is (was) ... that (who) служит для усиления какой-либо мысли путем выделения одного из членов предложения , который стоит в середине этой конструкции. При переводе на русский язык усиление выражается при помощи слов: именно, только, лишь, как раз и др., причем союзное слово при переводе опускается.

It was my friend who helped me to do this work.

Именно мой друг помог мне выполнить эту работу.

E X E R C I S E

 1. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на усилителную конструкцию.

1) It was this building that is of great historic interest.

2) It is the N.N Law Shcool that trains specialists who fight crime in the sphere of economy.

3) It was the problem of fighting crime that was discussed at our conference.

4) It was the workers of organs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that maintained public order.

5) It was at the last meeting that this problem was solved.

6) It was the text " The History of London" that was the most difficult to translate.

7) It is the place of interest that you should visit first.

8) It is the Tower that is the oldest building in London.

 Прочитайте текст и постарвайтесь понять о чем идет речь.

TEXT A

STATE ORGANISATION OF THE UK.

The United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales - which together constitute Great Britain and Nothern Ireland) is a monarchy. This means that it has a monach (a king or a queen) as its Head of State. In law the monarch is the supreme authority, an integral part of Parliament, head of the system of Justice and of the armed forces and a sole representative of the nation in internal affairs. In practice the monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament.

Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country , and they only meet together on symbolic occasions, such as the coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament which consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons.

It is the House of Commons that has true power. It is here that new bills are introduced and debated. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill, it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the monarch to be signed. Only then it becomes a law.

The main functions of Parliament are to legislate, and to control the actions of the Government. No tax may be imposed or public money spent except with Parliament's consent.

E X E R C I S E S

 1.Прочитайте и переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на суффиксы и приставки.

to abbreviate - abbreviation ; to defend - defender - defence - self-defence; to elect - elector - electoral - elective; to limit - limited - limitation - limitative - limitless; to maintain - maintenance; to succeed - success - succesful; to constitute - constitutional - unconstitutional; to support - support - supported - supporting; to differ - different - indifferent - difference - indifference.

 2. Образуйте от следующих глаголов Participle II и переведите их.

to become, to build, to decide, to be, to discuss, to elect, to get, to hold, to leave, to help, to prefer, to limit, to occupy, to win, to open, to have, to debate, to introduce, to sign.

 3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетния.

1) the United Kingdom; a king or a queen; to reign with the support; the House of Commons; symbolic occasions; to introduce and debate; to be in favour of; to refuse to sign a bill;

2) монархия; глава государства; состоять из..., собираться вместе, коронация монарха; большинство; ограниченная власть; палата лордов.

 4. Найдите в тексте, прочтите и переведите предложения, в которых говорится о том,

- чем является монарх по закону;

- когда встречаются монарх и парламент;

- из каких палат состоит парламент;

- какой орган обладает реальной властью;

- когда законопроект становится законом;

- каковы функции парламента.

 5. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1) The United Kingdom is ...

- an absolute monarchy

- a republic

- a monarchy

2) The monarch has ...

- very much power

- absolute power

- very little power

3) Parliament consists of ...

- the Cabinet and the House of Lords

- the House of Lords and the House of Commons

- the Senate and the House of Representatives

4) The new bills are introduced and debated ...

- in the House of Commons

- by the monarch

- in the House of Lords

5) The bill becomes law when ...

- it is signed only by the monarch

- it passes the House of Commons and the House of Lords

- it passes the House of Commons and the House of Lords and it is signed by the monarch.

 6. Заполните пропуски словами, в соответствии с содержанием текс та. Предложения переведите.

1) The UK has ... as its Head of State.

2) The monarch has very little ... and can only ... with the ... of Parliament .

3) Parliament ... two chambers.

4) New bills ... and ... at the House of Commons.

5) Finally a bill goes to ... be signed.

6) The main functions of Parliament are ... and ... the actions of the Government.

 7. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1) What parts constitute the UK?

2) What kind of state is the UK?

3) What is the monarch in law?

4) How often do the monarch and Parliament meet together?

5) What chambers does Parliament consist of?

6) When does a bill become a law?

7) What are the main functions of Parliament?

• Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание.

TEXT B

THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

The form of the government of the USA is based on the Constitution adopted in 1787, to which ten amendments were added within the period of 1791-1951. These amendments are called "The Bill of Rights". By the Constitution the Government of the USA is composed of three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judical. The President heads the executive brunch of the Government. He is to carry out the programmes of the Government, to recommended to Congress much of the legislation and the amount of money which should be given to carry out government functions. The President is to appoint Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries and heads of various government departments, called secretaries. Secretaries form the Cabinet but their nominations are to be approved by the Senate and the House of Representatives.

In order to become a law all bills and resolutions must pass both the Houses and must be signed by the President.

Besides the official representatives of Big Business who form the Congress of the USA an important role in the American legislation is played by the so-called lobbyists, paid advocates representing the interests of the rich. They are often much more influential than the Congressmen.

E X E R C I S E S

 1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие группы слов:

1) the form of the government; to add the amendments; by the Constitution; the brunch of the Government; to appoint judges; the secretaries of the Cabinet; bills and resolutions; the American legislation; the paid advocates;

2) принимать конституцию; в период; состоять из ...; количество денег; различные министерства; одобрить кандидатуры; официальные представители; так называемый; Соединенные Штаты Америки, влиятельный.

 2. Заполните пропуски в соответствии с содержанием текста. Предложения переведите.

1) The form of the government of the USA ... on the Constitution.

2) Ten ... were added to the Constitution.

3) The Government of the USA is composed of three branches: ..., ... and ... .

4) The President is to ... to Congress much of ...

5) ... form the Cabinet.

6) The Congress consists of ... and ...

7) An important role in the American ... is played by ...

 3. Выберите нужный вариант и закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста. Предложения переведите.

1) Ten amendments are called ...

- the Constitution

- the Bill of Rights

- the Resolution

2) The President heads ...

- the legislative branсh of the Government

- the executive branch of the Government

- the Senate

3) All legislative power belongs to ...

- the President

- the Senate

- the Congress

4) In order to become a law all bills and resolutions must...

- be signed by the President

- pass the Senate and the House of Representatives

- pass both the Houses and be signed by the President

 4. Исправьте следущие предложения в соответствии с текстом "The US Government" и переведите их.

1) The Constitution of the USA was adopted in 1791.

2) Twenty amendments were added to the Constitution.

3) The President heads the legislative branch ofthe Government.

4) The Congress appoints Federal Judges and heads of various government departments.

5) The President forms the Cabinet .

6) The Congress consists of the House of Commons and the House of Representatives.

 5. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1) What document is the form of the Government of the USA based on?

2) When was the Constitution adopted?

3) How many branches are there in the Government of the USA?

4) What are they?

5) What branch of the Government does the President head?

6) Whom does all legislative power in the USA belong to?

7) What are the chambers of the Congress?

8) When does a bill become a law?

9) What are lobbyists?

R E V I E W M A T E R I A L

 Прочтите текст, постарайтесь понять его содержание.

THE HOUSE OF COMMONS AND THE ELECTORIAL SYSTEM

The House of Commons is made up of 650 elected members, known as Members of Parliment (abbreviated to MPs); each of whom represents an area ( or constituency) of the United Kingdom. They are elected at a general election. The election campaign usually lasts about three weeks. Everyone over the age of 18 can vote in an election, which is decided on a simple majority - the candidate with the most votes wins. Under this system, an MP who wins by a small number of votes may have more votes against him than for him. This is a very simple system, but many people think that it is unfair because the wishes of those who voted for the unsuccesful candidates are not represented at all. Parliamentary elections must be held every five years at the latest, but the Prime Minister can decide on the exact date within those five years.

E X E R C I S E S

 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

1) палата лордов; палата общин; член парламента; всеобщие выборы; выборы в парламент; проводить выборы каждые 5 лет; выбрать точный день; каждый в возрасте 18 лет;

2) elected members; People's Deputies; the highest legislative organ; the political foundation; the highest judicial organ; to introduce a new bill; under the law.

 2. Найдите в тексте предложения, сказуемое которых стоит в страдательном залоге. Прочтите и переведите эти предложения.

 3. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1) The election campaign usually lasts ...

- some days

- about three months

- about three weeks

2) Members of Parliament are elected at ...

- a session of Parliament

- a general election

- a session of the House of Lords

3) Everyone ... can vote in an election.

- over the age of 18

- over the age of 16

- over the age of 21

4) Parliamentary elections must be held ...

- every four years

- every five years

- each year

5) The exact date is decided on by ...

- the monarch

- the Parliament

- the Prime Ministry

 4. Переведите текст письменно.

 Прочтите текст " The Party System of the UK" и постарайтесь понять его содержание.

THE PARTY SYSTEM OF THE UK

The British democratic system depends on political parties, and there has been a party system of some kind since 17 century. The political parties choose candidates in election. The Party which wins the majority of seats forms the Government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The largest minority party becomes the Opposition. In doing so it accepts the right of the minority party to critisize it. Without this agreement between the political parties the British parliamentary system would break down.

The Prime Minister chooses about twenty MPs from his or her party to become Cabinet Ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area of government and for a Civil Service department. For example, the Minister of Defence is responsible for the defence policy and the armed forces, the Chancellor of Exchequer for the financial policy, and the Home Secretary for, among other things, law and order and immigration.

The leader of the Opposition also chooses MPs to take resposibility for opposing the Government in these areas. They are known as "Shadow cabinet".

E X E R C I S E S

 1. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых говорится:

- от чего зависит демократическая система Великобритании;

- как формируется правительство;

- как образуется оппозиция;

- какое соглашение существует между политическими партиями;

- как формируется Кабинет Министров;

- что такое " Теневой Кабинет".

 2. Прочтите текст еще раз и переведите его.

L E S S O N 4

ГРАММАТИКА:

1. Причастие настоящего времени (Participle I)

2. Времена группы Continuous

(Active and Passive)

3. Группа имени существительного

ТЕКСТ: A: The Judicial System of Great Britain.

B: The Judicial System of the USA.

VOCABULARY

accord	согласие
in accordance with	в согласии с ...
according to	согласно
to act	действовать
action	действие
to administer	управлять, отправлять (правосудие)
advice	совет
appeal	просьба, апелляция
appeallate	апелляционный
application	применение
appoitment	назначение
associate	помощник
attention	внимание
to pay (paid, paid) attention	уделять внимание
authoritative	авторитетный
beneath	ниже
branch	отрасль, ветвь
body	орган
chief	главный
circuit	округ
citizen	гражданин
code	кодекс
to commit	совершать (преступление)
common	общий
consent	согласие
to contain	содержать
court	суд
trial court	суд первой инстанции
the High Court	Высокий суд
the County Court	суд графства
the Crown Court	уголовный суд присяжных
the Magistrates' Court	мировой суд, магистратский суд
custom	обычай, привычка
decision	решение
to declare	провозглашать
to determine	определять, решать
dignity	достоинство
to dismiss	смещать с поста
district	район
to endanger	угрожать
evidence	доказательство, свидетельское показание
to exercize	осуществлять (полномочия), пользоваться (правами)
feature	характерная черта
to fix	устанавливать
to forbid (forbade, forbidden)	запрещать
freedom	свобода
health	здоровье
to include	включать
independent	независимый
intermediate	промежуточный
to interprete	толковать, интерпретировать
to investigate	вести следствие, расследовать
investigator	следователь
investigating body	следственный орган
to issue	выпускать, издавать
judicial	судебный
judge	судья
judgement	судебное решение
jurisdiction	юрисдикция
justice	правосудие
to nominate	выдвигать (кандидатуру)
to notice	отмечать, замечать
observance	соблюдение, выполнение
order	приказ, порядок
in order to	для того, чтобы
to pass	проходить, проезжать
to pass a sentence	выносить приговор
partly	частично
precedent	прецедент
previous	предыдущий
property	собственность
provision	обеспечение
to punish	наказывать
reason	причина, основание
to regard	относиться, казаться
with regard to	относительно
regional	областной, региональный
to regulate	регулировать
remarkable	замечательный
right	право
to see (saw, seen) to	наблюдать
to sentence	приговаривать
to serve	служить, обслуживать
single	один, единый
social	общественный
to subject to	подчинять
to supervise	наблюдать, надзирать
supervisory	наблюдательный
statute	закон, устав, статус
to vest	облекать властью

Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова:

basic, basis, to correct, to guarantee, legal, mass, personal, penalty, pyramid, social, tribunal, final.

G R A M M A R