3. Инфинитивные конструкции

3.1. Конструкция "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом"

/Nominative with the Infinitive Construction or Complex Subject/

Конструкция "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом" состоит из существительного в общем падеже /или личного местоимения в именительном падеже/ и инфинитива, разделенных сказуемым, и выполняет в предложении функцию сложного подлежащего. В этой конструкции инфинитив называет действие, производимое существительным /личным местоимением/. В русском языке такой конструкции нет.

Существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в именительном падеже

сказуемое

Инфинитив (to Infinitive)

׀ сложное подлежащее ׀

___________________________________________

2 1 3

Acuteappendicitis is known to be a dangerous disease.

Известно, что острый аппендицит является опасным заболеванием.

Острый аппендицит как известно, является опасным заболеванием.

Предложения со сложным подлежащим, как видно из примера, переводятся следующим образом:

1) сказуемое переводится неопределенно-личным или вводным предложением (в зависимости от контекста);

2) сложное подлежащее переводится либо дополнительным придаточным предложением, вводимым союзом "что", либо простым предложением, в которых существительное /местоимение/ становится подлежащим, а инфинитив сказуемым.

Сказуемое в предложениях с конструкцией "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом" может быть выражено:

1) глаголами:

to say - говорить

to believe - считать, полагать

to know - знать

to find - обнаруживать

to suppose - предполагать

to report - сообщать

to think - думать и т.д.,

причем все они употребляются только в страдательном залоге.

This patientis saidto be dischargedfrom the hospital.

Говорят, что этого больного выписывают из больницы.

The patient is supposed to have pneumonia.

Полагают, что у больного пневмония.

2) глаголами:

to seem

to appear казаться, оказываться

to turn out

to prove

to happen - случаться, причем все перечисленные глаголы упот­ребляются только в действительном залоге.

Не seems to perform operation twice a week.

Он, кажется, оперирует два раза в неделю.

He appears to prefer research work.

Кажется, он предпочитает исследовательскую работу.

I happened to meet him at scientific conferences.

Мне случалось встречать его на научных конференциях.

3) словосочетаниями:

to be certain, to be sure - несомненно, безусловно; to be likely - вероятно, возможно;

to be unlikely - вряд ли, едва ли.

The patientis likelyto recoversoon.

Больной, вероятно (возможно), скоро поправится.

We are sure to come at the heart of the matter.

Мы, безусловно, доберемся до сути дела.

Упражнение 20. Выделите конструкцию "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом". Переведите.

1. Acute appendicitis is thought to bе due to disordered peristaltic action.

2. A patient was said to have a renal failure.

3. He is supposed to work at a new method of treatment.

4. Vomiting is likely to be frequent at the beginning of the grippe.

5. The wound was found to be healing well.

6. In our experiments the results proved to be quite different.

7. Jaundice is known to cruse inflammatory changes and degeneration of hepatic cells.

6. Hyperactive children appear to have the normal range of intelligence, but they cannot sit still long enough to learn.

7. Blood transfusion is known to produce post transfusion reactions such as fever, chills, etc.

8. The inner hair cells are believed to be responsible for the accurate localization of sound.

9. The spiral organ of the ear is considered to perform the role of detector.

10. Glucagon has been reported to increase the velocity of A-V conduction without increasing ventricular automacity.

11. The nasal septum is normally straight at birth and is believed to deviate during the growth of the facial bones.

Упражнение 21. Определите в предложениях сложное подлежащее. Обратите внимание на форму времени и залога инфинитива. Переведите.

1. The experiment proved to be of great value.

2. Eight years previous to this admission the patient had been discovered to have diabetes mellitus.

3. The day after his return he was found to have gained 3 kg.

4. Indeed the number of possible diseases appears to be increasing with time.

5. Pancreatitis was found to be influenced by parotitis.

6. Hypothalamus is believed to stimulate the hypophysis to secrete its hormones.

7. The temperature seemed to have been abnormal from the onset, pain having begun quite suddenly at 3 a.m.

8. The doctor seems to be finishing his examination.

9. Curative surgery was undertaken most often in the cases in which the disease was considered to be localized.

10. Mechnikov is known to have worked up the theory of phagocytosis.

11. The pulping action seemed to be growing stronger.

12. Fatality in burns is known to be influenced in large measure by the extent and depth of burn.

13. The exposure to cold of various body areas, sometimes quite distant from the nose, is known to cause acute rhinitis.

Упражнение 22. Укажите, в каких предложениях при переводе на русский язык следует использовать вводные слова: 1) полагают; 2) говорят; 3) казалось; 4) думали; 5) известно. Переведите.

1. This condition is known to be accompanied by cardiac complication.

2. You are to do the operation yourself.

3. The tumour appeared to have had its origin in the bone.

4. She was thought to have metastases to the liver.

5. Morning exercises should be done every day.

6. The patient is said to follow the doctor's instructions carefully.

7. Не is too ill to eat anything.

8. These patients are believed to be discharged soon.

Русскому сложноподчиненному предложению, в котором главное предложение представлено неопределенно-личным предложением с придаточным дополнительным, в английском языке могут соответст­вовать два типа предложений. Таким образом, предложение:

"Известно, что острый аппендицит является опасным заболеванием", можно перевести:

1. It is known, that acute appendicitis is a dangerous disease.

2. Acute appendicitis is known to be a dangerous disease.

Чаще употребляется второй вариант перевода, содержащий кон­струкцию "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом".

Упражнение 23. Замените сложные предложения простыми, упот­ребив конструкцию "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом", и переве­дите предложения на русский язык.

1. It is known that one of the major aids in some acute and chronic diseases is transfusion of blood.

2. It was stated that blood transfusion was also indicated for some patients to be operated on.

3. It is known that blood transfusion produces good results in patients with purulent and septic processes.

4. It is stated that disorders of the cardiac function, severe lesion of the kidneys and liver, active forms of tuberculosis, pneumonia and hypertension are contraindications for blood transfusion.

5. It is said that the change for the worse of the patient's general condition indicates blood incompatibility.

6. It is considered that constant fatigue contributes to the onset of gastritis.

7. It appeared that the characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease were haemorrhage, vomiting and nausea.

Упражнение 24. Замените простое предложение с конструкцией "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом" сложноподчиненным предложением.

1. Exacerbation of duodenal ulcers is known to occur in spring and autumn.

2. The doctor seems to be finishing his examination.

3. The operation was thought to be successful.

4. The used methods were thought to stop the spread of infection.

5. This drug is considered to be very effective.

6. She is known to have a heart disease.

7. A careful history is known to lead to a correct diagnosis.

8. The patient was stated to have an open dislocation of the left knee.

Конструкция "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом" встречается в определительных придаточных предложениях. В этом случае сложное подлежащее выражено сочетанием относительного местоимения “which” (“that”) и инфинитива. В предложениях такого типа сказуемое лучше переводить вводным предложением.

Acute appendicitis, which is known to be a dangerous disease, should be treated surgically.

Острый аппендицит, который, как известно, является опасным заболеванием, надо лечить хирургически.

Упражнение 25. Определите конструкцию "Именительный падеж с инфинитивом " Предложения переведите.

1. The patient developed an acute epigastric pain, which seamed to be constantly increasing in severity.

2. Intracoronary infusions of two inotropic agents were made in doses, which were shown to have no effect on the periphery.

3. Not a single case of yellow fever, which is known to have been imported into Western Europe, has been observed in our country.

4. …. it is necessary to carry out thourough laboratory tests on patients showed extensive and dense adhesions between the epicardium and pericardium around the foreign body which is thought to be responsible for the symptomatology.

5. A very small dose of vaccine is followed by a rapid rise of antibody titre. This favourable response is also seen in those who have been shown to react poorly to immunization by the normal route.

6. This analysis has brought out two facts, which together appear to explain how increasing pulmonary blood flow increases the rise in pulmonary blood pressure produced by serotonin.

7. These considerations may have a bearing on the progress of development of lesions in pulmonary vascular disease, which is known to be faster in the presence of high pulmonary blood flow.

Если после подлежащего вместо определительного придаточного предложения стоит определительный причастный оборот, то этот причастный оборот нужно переводить придаточным определительным предложением, в котором:

- вводится союз "который",

- английскому причастию будет соответствовать вводное предложе­ние с союзом "как";

- инфинитиву будет соответствовать личная форма глагола /сказуе­мое/.

Acuteappendicitis known to be a dangerous disease should be treated surgically.

Острый аппендицит, который, как известно, является опасным заболеванием, надо лечить хирургически.

Упражнение 26. Обратите внимание на место инфинитива в пред­ложении. Предложения переведите.

1. The cases appear to be identical in essential with those following immuniz­ing injections of virus known to have been in active form.

2. Among other nutritional factors known to influence wound healing axe certain of the vitamins, particularly ascorbic acid.

3. The tumour known to be inoperable had to be treated by X-ray.

4. An antibiotic treatment known to be indicated was started at once without waiting for bacteriological findings.

5. A far advanced appendicitis assumed to be present was revealed by the emer­gency operation, the appendix having been found perforated and necrotic.

6. Patients with previous rheumatic infection and found to have heart disease usually had known it.

7. Accordingly it became the rule to offer clinical examination to any person found to have an abnormality of the cardiac shadow.

8. Lymphoma was the first tumour shown to be curable by chemotherapy alone.

9. The young pilot supposed to have been wounded mortally is on the road to recovery.