2. Текст

Seasons

There are four seasons in the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Each of them lasts three months.

Every new year begins in winter, on the first of January. The winter months are: December, January and February. In Russia winter is usually a cold season. It often snows, the rivers and lakes are frozen over. The average temperature is about 15 degrees below zero. The sun sets early and rises late – especially in December and January. The days are short, the sky is often grey, nature is sleeping.

But at the end of March the weather gets milder. Spring comes. The spring months are: March, April and May. The sun shines more brightly. The days become longer, snow begins melting. Spring comes and nature awakens after a long sleep of winter. The first flowers appear. The grass is fresh. The birds return from the South and make their nests.

Spring is followed by summer. The summer months are: June, July and August. The weather gets warmer and sometimes it is very hot. The sky is blue and cloudless. But sometimes there are storms with thunder and lightning. In summer people spend much time in the open air. They go to the forest, swim in the river and sunbathe. Summer is a vacation time.

Autumn comes in September with the beginning of the new school year. The autumn months are: September, October and November. It is a very beautiful time of the year, when the weather is still warm and the leaves change their colour from green to yellow and red.

Late autumn is less beautiful. It gets colder, the days are shorter, in the morning it often freezes. Last leaves fall from trees and cover the ground. There is much rain and fog. Birds fly away to warm countries. Low and heavy clouds hang in the sky. Nature slowly falls asleep for winter.

In fact every season has its fine days and is pleasant in its own way.

Грамматика:

1. Времена группы «Perfect» в действительном залоге.

Perfect Tenses – перфектные (совершенные) времена - выражают действие, совершенное к определённому моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.

The Present Perfect Tense ( настоящее совершенное время).

+	-	?	Who…?
have +V(3ф) has	have +not+V(3ф) has	Have +______ + V(3ф)? Has	Who has+V(3ф)?

The Past Perfect Tense ( прошедшее совершенное время).

+	-	?	Who…?
had+V(3ф)	had+not+V(3ф)	Had_____+ V(3ф)?	Who had+V(3ф)?

The Future Perfect Tense ( будущее совершенное время).

+	-	?	Who…?
shall +have+V(3ф) will	shall +not+have+V(3ф) will	Shall +____ have+V(3ф)? Will	Who will+have+V(3ф)?

Примеры образования утвердительных, отрицательных и вопросительных форм:

+ Students have done homework today.

You had read the book by 5p.m. yesterday.

We shall have cleaned the room when mother comes home.

- Students haven’t done homework today.

You had not read the book by 5p.m. yesterday.

We shall not have cleaned the room when mother comes home.

? 1)общий

Have students done homework today?

Ответ: Yes, they have. Students have done homework today.

Had you read the book by 5p.m. yesterday?

Ответ: Yes, I had. I had read the book by 5p.m. yesterday.

Shall we have cleaned the room when mother comes home?

Ответ: Yes, we shall. We shall have cleaned the room when mother comes home.

2)альтернативный

Have students or teachers done homework today?

Ответ: Students have done homework today.

Had you read the book by 5 or 6 p.m. yesterday?

Ответ: I had read the book by 5p.m. yesterday.

Shall we have cleaned the room or all the flat when mother comes home?

Ответ: We shall have cleaned the room when mother comes home.

3)a)разделительный(+)

Students have done homework today, haven’t they?

Ответ: Yes, they have. Students have done homework today.

You had read the book by 5p.m. yesterday, hadn’t you?

Ответ: Yes, I had. I had read the book by 5p.m. yesterday.

We shall have cleaned the room when mother comes home, shan’t we?

Ответ: Yes, we shall. We shall have cleaned the room when mother comes home.

b)разделительный (-)

Students have not done homework today, have they?

Ответ: Yes, they have. Students have not done homework today.

You had not read the book by 5p.m. yesterday, had you?

Ответ: Yes, I had. I had not read the book by 5p.m. yesterday.

We shall not have cleaned the room when mother comes home, shall we?

Ответ: Yes, we shall. We shall not have cleaned the room when mother comes home.

4)a) специальный (today)

When did students do homework?

Примечание: Вопрос When задаётся всегда во временах группы Indefinite (вместо Present Perfect и Past Perfect используется Past Indefinite, а вместо Future Perfect – Future Indefinite).

b) специальный (homework)

What have students done today?

c)специальный (by 5 p.m. yesterday)

By what time had you read the book? или When did you read the book?

d)специальный (book)

What had you read by 5 p.m. yesterday?

e) специальный (had read)

What had you done by 5 p.m. yesterday?

f)специальный (when mother comes home)

By what time shall we have cleaned the room? или When shall we clean the room?

g) специальный (the room)

What shall we have cleaned when mother comes home?

h) специальный (shall have cleaned)

What shall we have done when mother comes home?

5)вопрос к подлежащему

Who has done homework today?

Who had read the book by 5 p.m. yesterday?

Who will have cleaned the room when mother comes home?