3. Structure of the Composition

• The given extract doesn’t constitute a single artistic whole

• Compositionally the text under analysis falls into 3 (4-5) fragments

• Logically the selection can be divided into …logical parts

• The opening part (exposition) initiates the reader into the setting and characters

• The fragment opens with the description/ portrayal/ dialogue

• The text opens with the topic sentence forming the setting

• In the exposition the author describes

Complications (developments)

• Further on the text develops into:

a) a complex narrative structure

b) a circular narrative structure

c) a frame narrative structure

d) a digression

e) a straight line narrative structure

• The subsequent (lines) paragraphs unwrap/ unfold…

• The part that follows portrays/ enlarges on/ depicts

• The next paragraph renders/ conveys/ pictures/ deals with/ concerns/ casts (sheds) light on…

Climax

• The episode leads to the climax of the plot

• The climax resolves into…

• The episode… serves as the climax of the text. The climax is presented with retardation

• The climax is withheld until…

• The narrative is interrupted with digressions, foreshadowing, flashback to the past

Denouement (upshot)

• The events unwind in

• The story sums up (winds up) with

II. System of Images Read more:

(Borisova – pp.27-35)

1. Take into account the hierarchy of images in the text and find examples of the following:

   1. micro-images (formed by a word or a combinations of words)

   2. extended images (of a feature of one’s personality)

   3. synthetic images (the character-images formed by the whole literary work).

2. Who is the main character of the text? Is his image simple/ flat (constructed round a single trait) or complex/ well-rounded (undergoing change and growth, revealing various sides of his personality)?

3. Does the narrator express the author’s viewpoint directly? Is it possible to consider him the author’s mouthpiece? Give your grounds.

4. What type of characterization prevails in the text – direct or indirect? From the list given below pick out means of characterization the author resorts to and illustrate each of them with examples from the text:

   1. presentation of character through action;

   2. speech characteristics:

      • style markers (formal/ informal communication);

      • markers of the emotional state (emphatic constructions, emotionally coloured words, pause fillers)

      • attitudinal markers (words denoting attitudes, intensifiers);

      • markers of the character’s educational level (standard/ non-standard language);

      • markers of regional and dialectical speech (the words that define the character’s origin, nationality, social standing);

      • markers of the character’s occupation (terms, jargonisms);

      • markers of the character’s idiolect (his individual speech peculiarities);

3. psychological portrayal and analysis of motive;

4. description of the outward appearance, the portrayal of a character;

5. description of the word of things that surround the character;

6. the use of a foil;

7. the naming of characters (antonomasia)

Read more:

(Єфімов p.59, Kukharenko pp.50-51)