The simple and simple complicated sentence

1. The simple sentence is a sentence containing only one predication centre (i.e., only one subject-predicate centre) which may be expressed by a separately presented subject and predicate (as is the case with two-member sentences) or by only one member performing the role of the subject and predicate simultaneously (as is the case with one-member sentences).

As has been mentioned, simple sentences may be unextended and extended. An unextended simple sentence is a sentence which contains only the obligatory parts of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.

without any non-obligatory secondary parts: cf. 1. Winter came (an unextended two-member sentence). 2. Winter came early that year (an extended simple two-member sen-ence).

Simple two-member extended sentences may be complete and el-iptical. A complete simple two-member sentence is a sentence in which 30th main parts are explicated, while a simple two-member incomplete elliptical) sentence is characterized by the absence of one or both main sarts, though they may be easily restored from the previous context:

cf. I. Where have you been? -1 have been in the garden (a complete two-member extended sentence).

2. Where have you been? - In the garden (an elliptical two-member sentence).

One-member simple sentences are such sentences that contain only one main part performing the function of the subject and predicate simultaneously. We cannot say that the other main part, though missing, can be restored from the previous context, as it is the case in elliptical two-member sentences. The only main part of one-member sentences may be expressed by a noun (or its functional equivalent), in which case it will be called "a nominative (or nominal) one-member sentence", or by an infinitive (in this case we may speak of "infinitival one-member sentence"):

e.g. 1. Dusk (a nominative one member sentence). 2. To live! (an infinitival one-member sentence).

Note: There also exist two-member infinitival sentences, implying incredulity and emphatic negation:

e.g. A host to rob his guest?! -Never !!!

Like two-member simple sentences, one-member sentences may be unextended (see the examples above) and extended:

e.g. 1. Dusk - of a summer night (a one-member nominative-extended sentence).

1. Why not go to the river now? (a one-member infinitival extended sentence).

2. Woe to Maurice Meister if this were true! (the main clause is a one-member clause).

2. The simple complicated (ускладнені) sentences arc sentences containing:

• homogeneous parts;

• some predicative complex(es), or the so-called '"dependent appendixes":

e.g. 1. John and Alice are friends. 2. He stood up and made for the door. 3. I saw him run (running). 4. I am waiting for them to pass. 5 Tom stepped aside for them to pass. 6. He was seen entering (to enter) the house. 7. Weather permitting, we shall go mushrooming tomorrow. 8. He stood, his hands in pockets. 9. The whistle given, the train started. 10. The lesson over, we went home. 11. Nina is as clever as Alice ("as Alice" is a dependent appendix). 12. Tom is taller than you ("than you" is also a dependent appendix). 13. Denis tried to escape but in vain (Huxley) ("but in vain" -a dependent appendix).

Note: Sentences with homogeneous predicates or subjects are often called "contracted sentences".

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Define the types of the following simple and simple complicated sentences.

1. There was no answer (Baldwin). 2. No answer (Saroyan). 3. One can never know one's own fate. 4. That a boy should speak in council?! (London). 5. They say everywhere that prices will soon soar again. 6. Come what may come! 7. You've found that out, have you? (Wallace). 8. Don't you know this man?! 9. It was raining cats and dogs. 10. "When do you expect to coma back?" (Wallace). 11. John is taller than Mike. 12. For you to go there now is impossible. 13. "Do you expect to see me again?" he asked (Wallace). 14. A gentleman to strike a lady?! 15. You can never teil what will come of a dog's cub. 16. Nothing was inevitable here (Murdock). 17. To run! To run away! (Gals.). 18. How long you have been coming! 19. He was seen entering (to enter) the room. 20. I'm a free person, aren't I?

Exercise 2. a) Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. Pride, the never-falling vice of fools (Pope). 2. The hungry judges soon the sentence sign (Pope). 3. The best of heelers is a good cheer (Pindar). 4. Necessity is the mother of invention. 5. Meet the disease at its first stage (Persing). 6. How glorious it is - and how glorious - to be an exception! (Musset). 7. From the sublime to the ridiculous there is only one step (Napoleon). 8. Great talkers are never great doers (Middlestone). 9. There are some defeats more triumphant than victories (Montaigne). 10. It is better to waste one's youth than to do nothing with it at all (G.Courteline). 11. It is easier to love humanity as a whole than to love one's neighbour

(E.Hoffer). 12. Love is just like the measles; we all have to go through it (J.C.Jerome). 13. A good marriage would be between a blind wife and a deaf husband (Montaigne). 14 All nappy families resemble one another, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way (Leo Tolstoy).

b) Define by what structural types of simple sentences the statements above are expressed.

Exercise 3. a) Translate into English, define the types of questions.

1. Хто знає це слово? 2. Хіба це тобі не цікаво? З.Чи знаєте ви що-небудь про цей інцидент? 4. Чи не міг би ти бути більш ввічливим? 5. Хіба вам не треба знати це? 6. Скільки учнів присутні сьогодні? 7. Том працює не зовсім старанно, чи не так? 8. Чиї то діти граються у дворі? 9. Хто прийшов у школу першим сьогодні? 10. Чия то книжка була знайдена у класі позавчора? 11. Що то лежить під столом? 12. Ти працюєш наполегливо, чи не так? 13. Чий олівець лежить під столом? 14. Твій брат працює у колгоспі чи у якійсь фірмі? 15. Хіба ревуть воли як ясла повні? 16. Хіба у вашій бібліотеці немає французських книжок? 17. Хто зробив таку помилку? 18. Ти там працюєш, де твій брат? 19. А хіба ти не був на зборах колгоспників учора? 20. Він уже виконав домашнє завдання чи ні?

b) Point out the questions a teacher can use in class. Describe the situations.

Exercise 4. Translate the following simple sentences into English, define their types.

1 .Він раптом мовчки підвівся й попрямував до дверей. 2. Петрусь і Гапочка вийшли в поле. 3. Петро заставив мене написати листа додому. 4. Вона, плачучи, пішла до хати. 5. Як тебе не любити, Києве мій? 6. Сиротою жити - сльози лити. 7. Ніколи не перейти того поля (дитинства), вічно буде врожаїти від першого засіву (А.Мокр.). 8. Згадується школа край узлісся, біла хата й батьківський поріг (К.Дрок.). 9. Не можна узнати свою долю. 10. Кажуть, вона й досі блукає понад лісом темними ночами. 11. Жити - вітчизні служити. 12. Вдихати вітер Батьківщини - найвище щастя на землі (Сос.) 13. Хто ж дав нам молодість і силу? (Рил.). 14. Умій не тільки дивитись, а й бачити (Сух.). 15. Не лише посіяти треба, а й зібрати. 16.1 гарно так було (Бож.). 17. А тим часом темніє, темніє (Гонч.). 18.1 плакати - це також щастя (Олесь).

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