Contributors
Luis Maria Abadie BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain
Alessandro Antimiani National Research Institute for Agricultural Economics (INEA), Rome, Italy
Ramon Arigoni Ortiz BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain
Mercedes Bleda Institute for Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (MIoIR), Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Valeria Costantini Department of Economics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
Francesco Crespi Department of Economics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
Ylenia Curci Department of Economics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
Pablo Del Rı´o Institute for Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Ibon Galarraga BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain
Ivan Hasˇcˇicˇ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Environment Directorate, Paris, France
Nick Johnstone Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Environment Directorate, Paris, France
Empirical Policy Analysis Unit, OECD Environment Directorate, Paris, France
Margarita Kalamova Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Environment Directorate, Paris, France
Rene` Kemp UNU-MERIT and ICIS, Maastricht University, Maastricht,
The Netherlands
xi
xii |
Contributors |
Giovanni Marin IMT (Institutions, Markets, Technologies), Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy
CERIS CNR Milan, Via Bassini 15, Milan
Anil Markandya BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain
Chiara Martini Department of Economics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
Massimiliano Mazzanti Department of Economics & Management, University of Ferrara, via Voltapaletto 11, Ferrara, Italy
CERIS CNR Milan, Via Bassini 15, Milan
Francesco Nicolli Department of Economics & Management, University of Ferrara, via Voltapaletto 11, Ferrara, Italy
CERIS CNR Milan, Via Bassini 15, Milan
Nicoline Oehme mgm consulting partners GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
Alessandro Palma Department of Economics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
Luca Salvatici Department of Economics, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
Maria Cristina Tommasino Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy
Marcus Wagner University of Wu¨rzburg, Business School, Munich, Germany
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 |
Multiregional open economy in the GTAP model |
|
|
and flows denominations (Source: Brockmeier 1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9 |
Fig. 1.2 |
The GTAP-E production structure .................................. |
12 |
Fig. 2.1 |
Simulation design ..................................................... |
30 |
Fig. 2.2 |
Leakage rate and sufficiency for Annex I countries in ET |
|
|
scenario (compared with 2012 baseline) . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . |
33 |
Fig. 2.3 |
The EU and US changes in domestic output and imports |
|
|
from non-Annex countries in ET scenario (compared |
|
|
with 2012 baseline) ................................................... |
34 |
Fig. 2.4 |
The EU and US changes in domestic output and imports |
|
|
from non-Annex countries in ET-BAT and ET-NBAT |
|
|
scenarios ............................................................... |
35 |
Fig. 2.5 |
The EU and US changes in domestic output and imports |
|
|
from non-Annex countries in ET-CL and ET-IO scenario ........ |
37 |
Fig. 4.1 |
Implementation rate .................................................. |
68 |
Fig. 4.2 |
Implementation rate and recommendations per SIC code . . . . . . . . |
68 |
Fig. 5.1 |
Interaction of other and environmental (env.) |
|
|
regulation (reg.) and innovation (inno.) .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... |
85 |
Fig. 5.2 |
Influencing factors of sustainability innovations and their |
|
|
interaction (Extended from Rennings 2000) . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . |
86 |
Fig. 5.3 |
Distribution of innovation offsets across different categories . . . . |
92 |
Fig. 5.4 |
Distribution of innovation levels for product |
|
|
and process innovation ............................................... |
92 |
Fig. 6.1 |
Relationship between the level and volatility of ENV |
|
|
R&D spending ........................................................ |
109 |
Fig. 6.2 |
Elasticities for the level and volatility of R&D spending ......... |
110 |
Fig. 7.1 |
Development of eco-activity and impact—all firms |
|
|
(1999–2008) ........................................................... |
123 |
xiii
xiv |
List of Figures |
|
Fig. 7.2 |
Development of eco-activity and impact—consumer |
|
|
firms (1999–2008) .................................................... |
125 |
Fig. 7.3 |
Development of eco-activity and impact—industrial |
|
|
firms (1999–2008) .................................................... |
125 |
Fig. 7.4 |
Product and process eco-activity and impact—consumer |
|
|
firms (1999–2008) .................................................... |
126 |
Fig. 7.5 |
Product and process eco-activity and impact—consumer |
|
|
firms (recycling as product-related) (1999–2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
128 |
Fig. 7.6 |
Product and process eco-activity and impact—industrial |
|
|
firms (1999–2008) .................................................... |
128 |
Fig. 7.7 |
Product and process eco-activity and impact—industrial |
|
|
firms (recycling as product-related) ................................. |
129 |
Fig. 7.8 |
Development of corporate social performance (1999–2008) . . . . . |
130 |
Fig. 8.1 |
Share of energy and resource efficiency innovating firms |
|
|
in European industries (2002–2004) (Source: Urbino |
|
|
Sectoral Database) .................................................... |
149 |
Fig. 9.1 |
Distribution of productivity and environmental efficiency |
|
|
relative gaps ........................................................... |
168 |
Fig. 10.1 |
Development of municipal waste management in EU-27 |
|
|
(Millon ton) ........................................................... |
180 |
Fig. 10.2 |
Municipal waste landfilled in EEA countries |
|
|
(share of total disposal) .............................................. |
181 |
Fig. 10.3 |
Number of patent application filed under the PCT |
|
|
(total patent and waste, 3-year moving average) . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . |
189 |
Fig. 10.4 |
Number of patent application filed under the PCT (specific |
|
|
waste technologies, 3-year moving average) ....................... |
190 |
Fig. 10.5 |
Number of patent application filed under the PCT (total |
|
|
waste patents for selected countries, 3-year moving average) .... |
191 |
Fig. 10.6 |
Number of patent application filed under the PCT |
|
|
(total waste patent, normalised by GDP, year 2005, |
|
|
3-year moving average) .............................................. |
191 |
Fig. 10.7 |
Policy index (year 1980, 1993 and 2005) . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. |
195 |
Fig. 11.1 |
Exemplificative alternative structures of database |
|
|
and classifications using keywords (case a) ........................ |
215 |
Fig. 11.2 |
Exemplificative alternative structures of database |
|
|
and classifications using keywords (case b) ........................ |
216 |
Fig. 11.3 |
EPO patents count by country and year, Green Inventory |
|
|
in BioPat and BioPat total ........................................... |
220 |
Fig. 11.4 |
Patterns of innovation in the biofuels sector by using all |
|
|
keywords referring to specific raw materials ....................... |
221 |