4. Complete the definitions of instruments below using words from the box. You may need to consult a dictionary:

communications recommendations and opinions regulations decisions directives

1. ________________________ are views and preferences expressed by EU institutions, but they are not binding on the member states;

2. ________________________ are detailed instructions which are applicable throughout the EU and which are directly binding on the member states, which means that they become a part of the member state’s national legal system automatically without the need for separate national legal measures;

3. _________________________ are EU decisions which are binding on the EU institutions and the member states, but they are only general instructions on the goal to be achieved; the way the goal is reached is left to the discretion of each member state;

4. _________________________ are fully binding on those to whom they are addressed (a member state, a company or an individual). They are based on a specific Treaty Article and do not require national implementing legislation;

5. _______________________ are published by the Commission and set out the background to a policy area. They usually indicate the Commission’s intended course of action in this area.

IV. Grammar focus:

1. Use the verbs in the correct form:

1. We the peoples of the United Nations determined to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations ___________ (to arise) from treaties and other sources of international law can be _______________ (to maintain);

2. Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives ______________ (to assemble) in the city of San Francisco, who _____________ (to exhibit) their full powers ____________ (to found) to be in good and due form, ________________ (to agree) to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization ______________ (to know) as the United Nations;

3. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which _____________ (to accept) the obligations __________________ (to contain) in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, ______________ (to be able) and willing to carry out these obligations;

4. A Member of the United Nations which ____________ persistently _____________ (to violate) the Principles ______________ (to contain) in the present Charter _________________________ (may; to expel) from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council;

5. The Charter of the United Nations _________________ (to sign) on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and ______________ (to come) into force on 24 October 1945.

2. Complete the sentences below using the correct form of the verbs in the box:

to hold to derive to be to consider to be accountable to drive to adopt to promulgate to encompass to enforce

Promoting the rule of law at the national and international levels 1)__________ at the heart of the United Nations’ mission.  Establishing respect for the rule of law is fundamental to achieving a durable peace in the aftermath of conflict, to the effective protection of human rights, and to sustained economic progress and development.  The principle that everyone – from the individual right up to the State itself – 2)________________________ to laws that 3)_____________ publicly ________________, equally 4)_______________ and independently adjudicated, is a fundamental concept which 5)______________ much of the United Nations work. The principle of the rule of law embedded in the Charter of the United Nations 6)____________________ elements relevant to the conduct of State to State relations. The main United Nations organs, including the General Assembly and the Security Council, have essential roles in this regard, which 7)___________________ from and require action in accordance with the provisions of the Charter. The General Assembly 8)_____________________ rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and 9)________________ resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council 10)__________________ a number of thematic debates on the rule of law and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women, peace and security, children in armed conflict, the protection of civilians in armed conflict. The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda.