- •The aims of studying the history of the English language. Synchronic and diachronic approaches to studying the language. The concept of ‘language change’
- •Proto-Indo-European language and comparative linguistics
- •Proto-Germanic language, its development from Proto-Indo-European
- •Modern Germanic languages
- •The earliest descriptions of the Germans, the ancient tribes that spoke Germanic languages
- •Eastern Germanic, Western Germanic and Northern Germanic groups of languages
- •The runic alphabet. Old English alphabet and pronunciation.
- •Common phonetic characteristics of the Germanic languages
- •Changes in the system of vowels in the Germanic languages
- •Grammar characteristics common to the Germanic languages
- •Vocabulary
- •Periodisation in the history of the English language, Old English written records.
- •The historical background of Old English
- •Phonetic processes in Old English (the system of vowels)
- •Independent changes. Development of monophthongs
- •Phonetic processes in Old English (the system of consonants)
- •Velar consonants in Early Old English. Growth of New Phonemes
- •Old English dialects
- •The nominal system of Old English
- •The vocabulary and word-building means in Old English
- •Old English syntax.
- •The verbal system in Old English (grammatical categories)
- •The verbal system in Old English (morphological classification)
- •Economic and social conditions in the 11-12th centuries.
- •The Scandinavian invasions, the Norman Conquest & the way they influenced English.
- •Changes in the alphabet and spelling in Middle English. Middle English written records
- •Middle English dialects. The London dialect.
- •Phonetic processes in Middle English (the system of vowels)
- •Phonetic processes in Middle English (system of consonants)
- •Changes in the categories of the noun in Middle English
- •Practical Part
- •Breaking and Diphthongization
- •Comparison of Adjectives in Old English
- •Conjugation of Preterite-Presents in Old English
- •Conjugation of Verbs in Old English
- •Declension of Adjectives
- •Declension of Nouns in the Late 14th and 15th centuries
- •Declension of nouns Strong Declensions (Vocalic Stems)
- •Strong Declensions (Vocalic Stems)
- •Consonantal Stems
- •Declension of Personal Pronouns
- •Declension of sē, sēo, þæt (Demonstrative pronouns)
- •Development of Old English Diphthongs in Early Middle English
- •Development of Sibilants and Affricates in Early Middle English
- •Middle English Vowels
- •Morphological Classification of Nouns in Old English
- •Old English Consonants
- •Palatal Mutation
- •Peculiarities of Middle English Spelling
- •Principal Middle English Written Records
- •Quantitative Vowel Changes in Late Old English and Early Middle English
- •Strong Verbs in Old English
- •Weak Verbs in Old English
Declension of nouns Strong Declensions (Vocalic Stems)
-
a-stems
Singular
M
short-stemmed
N
long-stemmed
N
ja-stems
M
wa-stems
N
Nom. fisc
Gen. fisces
Dat. fisce
Acc. fisc
scip
scipes
scipe
scip
dēor
dēores
dēore
dēor
ende
endes
ende
ende
cnēo(w)
cnēowes
cnēowe
cnēo(w)
Plural
Nom. fisces
Gen. fisca
Dat. fiscum
Acc. fiscas
(NE fish)
scipu
scipa
scipum
scipu
(NE scip)
dēor
dēora
dēorum
dēor
(NE deer)
endas
enda
endum
endas
(NE end)
cnēo(w)
cnēowa
cnēowum
cnēo(w)
(NE knee)
Strong Declensions (Vocalic Stems)
-
Singular
ō-stems
short-stemmed long-stemmed
F
i-stems
short-stemmed
M
u-stems
short-stemmed long-stemmed
F
Nom. talu wund
Gen. tale wunde
Dat. tale wunde
Acc. tale wunde
mete
metes
mete
mete
sunu feld
suna felda
suna felda
sunu felda
Plural
Nom. tala, -e wunda, -e
Gen. tala (-ena) wunda (-ena)
Dat. talum wundum
Acc. tala, -e wunda, -e
(NE tale) (NE wound)
mete, -as
meta
metum
mete, -as
(NE meat)
suna felda
suna felda
sunum feldum
suna felda
(NE son) (NE field)
Consonantal Stems
-
Singular
n-stems (weak declension)
M N F
root-stems
M F
Nom. nama ēare tunзe
Gen. naman ēaran tunзan
Dat. naman ēaran tunзan
Acc. naman ēaran tunзan
fōt mūs
fōtes mўs, mūse
fēt mўs
fōt mūs
Plural
Nom. naman ēaran tunзan
Gen. namena ēarena tunзena
Dat. namum ēarum tunзum
Acc. naman ēaran tunзan
(NE name) (NE ear) (NE tongue)
fēt mўs
fōta mūsa
fēt mūsum
fēt mўs
(NE foot) (NE mouse)