26. The United Nations Organization

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security,economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace theLeague of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

There are 193 member states, including every internationally recognised sovereign state in the world but Vatican City. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health Organization(WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most prominent position is Secretary-Generalwhich has been held by Ban Ki-moon of South Korea since 2007.

27. Disarmament. Nuclear problem.

Disarmament was one of the main problems of the postwar international relations. Invention of atomic weapon was one of the reasons of confrontation. Appearance of such weapon put before mankind a great task: prohibition, ceasation of the tests and full destruction.

Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.

Major nuclear disarmament groups include Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Greenpeace and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Parkagainst nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history. Disarmament issues, which faded into the background of global politics over the past decade, have become relevant again. The fate of treaties that once marked the end of bipolar confrontation is now in the focus of international attention. The situation in this sector requires a very careful analysis, as hasty actions may undermine international stability. There are only bilateral treaties between Russia and the United States in the sphere of nuclear arms control. The participation of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine in the Soviet-U.S. Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START I Treaty) can be considered to be purely formal, especially as these countries now do not possess nuclear weapons.

Major nuclear arms control agreements between Moscow and Washington include the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), the aforementioned START I Treaty, and the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT), better known as the Moscow Treaty. One can also add here unilateral initiatives on deep cuts in non-strategic, or tactical, nuclear weapons, made by U.S. President George Bush Sr. and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991.