In the myths some people referred to the original the direct rule of the gods, who then taught the people art of management and handed over power to earthly rulers.

According to the Chaldean and ancient myths of the gods a source of power of the ruler, however, and themselves continue be the arbiters of earthly affairs and human destinies.

well-known identity is inherent in the religious-mythological representations of the ancient Jews. In their version of the One True God is in a special contractual relationship with the entire Jewish people, is its head and king.

According to old Chinese myth of the divine origin and nature of earthly power, is a person of the supreme ruler  Celestial (Emperor of China) is the only point of connection with higher, the heavenly powers. All power is concentrated on those views, in the person of the supreme ruler as his personal potency and inner strength, and all other officials and state apparatus in general - only the power of personal assistants ruler.

These mythological version of the divine nature earthly order underlie more specific beliefs about power, management, law, justice, justice, etc.

In accordance with mythological and religious beliefs ancient Egyptians, truth, fairness and justice embodied goddess Maat (Ma-am). Judges were the image of the goddess and were considered its priests. The divine nature of earthly power (Pharaoh, the priests and officials) and officially approved codes of conduct, including and the main sources of the then law (customs, laws, judicial solutions), meant that they all meet (or have in their meaning of match) ma-at - naturally - the divine order justice.

By drevneshumerskomu myth, as the patron justice, defender of the weak and oppressed by god Shamash appears, severely punishing the evil, deceitful, unfair and wrong. Anyone who breaks the "path of Shamash" - the path of truth, justice and rights waiting for the then ideas, imminent and severe punishment.  Transgress the "path of Shamash" meant to commit a crime, violate right. Sumerian and Babylonian rulers consistently subordinated divine nature of their power and their laws, their relationship the same divine law and justice.

These views are widely reflected in the famous Chaldean politico-legal monuments 18 BC - Hammurabi.  Justice, referred to in the laws of Hammurabi, implies division of people into freemen and slaves, the unequal position themselves free, members of different social classes, etc.

mythological representation of the ancient Persians have found their development and expression in Zoroastrianism. The state, according to Zoroastrianism, should be the earthly incarnation of the heavenly kingdom Ormuzd (bright deity).  Estates division of society based on free choice of each of an occupation. At the head of the individual classes must be the most virtuous people.

process of gradual rationalization of the original myth representations of social life, politics, state and law and rudiments of theoretical views in different areas socio-political knowledge among different peoples and proceeded with different intensity, took different forms and had a disparate impact.  But in general, the general trend towards a rationalistic interpretation of socio - political phenomena quite clearly seen in 1 millennium BC in all the cultural centers of the world then.

significant bridging role between the mythological perceptions and subsequent rationally orienting politicaland legal views and concepts played a religion. For all its specificity religion thematically and chronologically follows the myth is in relation to the primary myths about the gods followed, secondary education.

mythological ideas and the overall experience approach to organization of social life had a great influence on subsequent legal and political thought - both directly in the era formation of religious, philosophical and scientific concepts of embryonic policies, state and law, and in subsequent periods of development Politicallegal doctrines.

? 2. The political and legal thought in ancient India and the Ancient

China

a noticeable influence of mythological and religious representations formed and developed political andlegal thought in ancient India. The beginnings of the ideology of Brahmanism already found in a numberancient Indian monuments II millennium BC, referred to as a whole  Vedas. The Vedas say about the division of society into four caste  (class) are created by the gods of Purumi (the world body and spirit): "... Brahmin became his mouth, his hands - Kshatriya, his thighs became Vaisya, from legs created Sudra ?.

World Act (PTA) defines the constitution (structure) of society, place, role and position (including legal status) of various Varna (classes), and, consequently, the rights and obligations as members and of Varna. All Varna and their members must follow the divine submitted to them dharma - the law, duty, customs, rules behavior.

inequality of rights and duties of members of various varnas includes and their inequality before the law in matters of crime and punishment. Special privileges in this respect enjoy Drachmann.

criticized a number of key provisions of the Vedas and brahmonistskoy ideology in general acted Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. He rejected idea of God as the supreme personality and moral ruler of theworld primary source of law "Brahman" for Buddhists - it is not a member of a privileged caste, and every person who, regardless of their social class has achieved excellence through personal effort.

in the understanding of the Buddhist dharma serves as the administering of the world natural law, natural law. Worldview early Buddhism permeated preaching humanism, kindness to others people.

Buddhist installation on individual salvation and achieve nirvana, and explains the characteristic of Buddhism neglect real political and legal phenomena that are generally regarded as part of the overall chain of earthly misery.

fundamental role in the history of ethical and political thought China played Confucianism. His views are set out in the book  "Lun Yu" ( "Conversations and expression"), compiled by his disciples.

Confucius developed the patriarchal-paternalistic concept state. The state treated them as a big family. Power Emperor's power is likened to the father, and the relations of ruling and subordinates - family relations, where the youngest dependent senior.  Socio-political hierarchy of people based on the principle inequality of people. Thus, Confucius advocated an aristocratic concept of governance, because the common people completely removed from participation in government. Confucius urged rulers officers and subordinates to build their relations on the basis of virtues.

regulation of political relations by rules virtue in the teachings of Confucius sharply contrasted to the management the laws.

Founder moizma Mo-tzu developed the idea of natural equality all people and gave a rationale for the contractual concept of the state, which is based on the idea of belonging people of the supreme power.

In search of "a single image of justice" Mo-tzu put forward the idea contractual origin of state and government. In antiquity he says, there was no control and punishment, "each had its understanding of justice, "reigned enmity among people. Important place in teachings of Mo-tzu is a requirement into account the interests of ordinary people in process of governance. "Opinions, - he stresses -- be applied in government, proceeds from the interests of the commoners Celestial ?.

is considered the founder of Taoism Lao-tzu, whose views described in the Book of Tao and te. Lao-tzu describes the dao as independent of the heavenly lord natural course of things, natural legitimacy. Tao determines the laws of heaven, nature and society. It represents the highest virtue and natural justice. In respect to the Tao are all equal. Significant role in Taoism play the principle of non-action, refrain from active operations.

basic ideas of ancient Chinese Legalism outlined in the treatise "Shang Chun Shu. Several chapters of the treatise written by Man Yang. This theoretical Legalism and one of the founders of the school "scribes" (fa-jia) made justification based management, law (fa) and severe punishment. The whole concept of governance proposed by Man-Yan, riddled with hostility to the people, extremely low estimate of their qualities that through violent measures (violent acts) they can subdue desired "order". Considerable importance in the organization Control Man Yang and his followers, along with penalties attached introduction of the principle of collective responsibility.

Chapter 2. Political and legal doctrines in Ancient Greece

outstanding role in the history of the formation of political and legal exercises played thinkers of ancientGreece. They stand at the origins of the theoretical approach to the problems of the state, law and policies.

efforts of the Greek scholars had been making a transition from mythological perception of the world to ratsonalno-logical way of knowing it and explain.

development of political and legal thought in ancient Greece can divided into three stages: the early period (IX - VI centuries BC) is associated with emergence of the Greek state. During this period a noticeable rationalization of political and legal concepts and formed a philosophical approach to the problems of State and Law, the heyday of the (V - the first half of IV century BC) -- is the heyday of ancient Greek philosophical and politico-legal thoughts Hellenistic period (second half of the IV - II century AD until ordered last time) -- time began the decline of the Greek state, falling Greek states under the authority of Macedonia and Rome.

Let's dwell on each of these periods.

At the early stage of its development outlook of the ancient peoples world are mythological character. In these times of political and Legal opinions are not in a separate area and constitute an integral part of the mythological worldview. In the myth of the divine sway origin of the existing relations of power and order. Law and the law not already assigned to a special area regulations and exist in a dimension be approved by the religious order of private, public and state life. The laws of this time are intertwined mythological, religious, moral, social and political moments, and legislation in general is elevated to divine the original source.  Laws or directly attributed to the gods, or their surrogates -- rulers.

political and legal doctrines appear only during relatively prolonged existence of early class societies and nations. Ancient myths are losing their sacred character and begin to be ethical and politico-legalinterpretation. This is particularly evident in the poems  Homer and Hesiod. According to their interpretation, the struggle for power over the gods world and change the supreme gods (Uranus - CZK - Zeus) was accompanied by change the principles of their rule and dominion, which was manifested not only in the relationship between the gods, but also in their relationship to people throughout the procedure, forms and rules the earth's social life.

characteristic of the poems of Homer and Hesiod's attempts to rationalize understanding of the ethical, moral and legal order in human affairs and relationships are further developed in creativity of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece. They are usually seen as members  Thales, Pittak, Periander, Biant, Solon, Cleobulus and Chilo. In their short sayings (gnomes), these sages have formulated quite rational and secular in spirit, ethical and political Maxim. Sages repeatedly emphasized the fundamental importance rule of just laws in the polis life. Many of them themselves were active participants in political events, rulers or legislators and strive for implementation their political andlegal ideals. Compliance with laws, in their opinion -- essential feature of a well-ordered policy. So, best public Biant think that such a device, where the citizens fear of the law to the same extent as would fear the tyrant.

The idea of the need to transform the public?? x and politico - legal orders on the philosophical foundations were made by Pythagoras, Pythagoreans (Archytas, Lysis, Philolaus etc.) and Heraclitus. Criticizing democracy, they justified the noble ideals of the Board  "Best" - intellectual and moral elite.

decisive role in the whole outlook of the Pythagoreans played theory of numbers. The number of their ideas - this is the beginning and the essence world. Accordingly, they tried to identify the digital (mathematical) the characteristics of a moral and politico-legal phenomena.  In publicizing the problems of law and justice Pythagoreans first began to develop a theoretical concept of "equality", so essential for understanding the role of law as equal steps in regulation of social relations.

Justice, according to the Pythagoreans, is the reward equal for equal.