XI. Underline the suffixes and translate the words
Construction, constructional, protection, radiation, harmful atomic dangerous, probably, repeatedly, simply, production, technical, ice-breaker.'
Додаткові
тексти
ROM: read-only memory Permanent Not affected when computer is turned off Instructions can be “read” from it but cannot be “written” to it |
RAM: random-access memory Temporary Information is cleared from it when computer is turned off. Instructions can be both “read” and “written” to it |
Text B
Computer memory
If you go to a picnic, you later have memories of it. You may remember the taste of the food, the excitement of the games, and the names of friends who were there. With the passage of time, however, you will probably forget some of the details.
A computer's memory is different. No metter hov you program it, the computer cannot remember such things as the taste of food or the feeling of excitement. But it can remember names. Your computer wiil easily keep track of the names of everyone who attended the picnic
tell it the names of the picnickers. Once you supply it with that input, the computer's memory, unlike yours, will never forget. The list will always be complete and always correct—as long as the computer is turned on. When you turn it off, the list disappears. Why does this happen?
The computer has two kinds of memory. One kind is called read-only memory, or ROM, and it is not affected when you turn off the machine. ROM is permanent memory. The second kind of memory is called random-access memory, or RAM, and this is the kind of memory in which your list of picnickers was stored. RAM is temporary memory.
Text C
The Price System. One of the remarkable things about the American economic system is that it seems to run by itself. No central economic agency dictates responses to the What, How and Who questions. Yet the questions are answered.
Prices determine what we are willing and able to buy. They influence us to continue in school or to accept a job. Prices help to determine when and where factories will be built, which businesses will succeed, which will fail, and even the color and style of the clothing that will be manufactured.
Prices, the money value of goods and services, carry so much information and so affect the behavior of buyers and sellers that economists often describe our economy as a price-directed system.
The price system provides the answers to the fundamental questions of What goods and services will be produced, How they will be produced, and Who will receive them.
How the price system answers the What question. When buyers want more of a product, they are willing to pay more for it. Higher prices attract other producers. As production increases, the need for additional workers causes wages to rise within the industry. When demand for the product falls, the opposite happens. Prices fall, producers who can no longer operate profitably shut down, or switch to other products, and production falls enough to meet the reduced demand.
How the price system answers the How question. The price system encourages sellers to produce in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize profits.
Stanley Lee owns a newspaper delivery service. Stanley used to rely on 10 to 15 kids with bicycles to deliver the newspapers before and after school. One day Stanley calculated that it would cost less to use one adult with an automobile than 10 to 15 school kids on bicycles to deliver his papers.
How the price system answers the Who question. Those who graduate from high school earn more, on the average, than those who drop out. Many professional athletes earn more than letter carriers. Physicians and attorneys earn more, on average, than stenographers and building superintendents.
Since they earn more, professional athletes, physicians and attorneys can afford to buy more goods and services than people earning less than they do. Thus, by assigning values to the work people do, the price system answers the Who question.
Competition refers to the rivalry among buyers and among sellers. Sellers compete by trying to produce the goods and services buyers want at the lowest possible price. Those unable or unwilling to sell at a price low enough to attract buyers will be unable to dispose of their goods or services- This rivalry benefits us all.
- It benefits us by giving us the goods and services we want, when and where we want them. Producers know that if they don't satisfy consumer demand, their competitors will.
- It benefits us because producers must constantly strive to operate more efficiently. The quest for greater efficiency conserves scarce resources, increases output and raises living standards by reducing costs.