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Text A

Knowledge of the properties of engineering materials is very important

An airliner crashes into a mountain1, a train is wrecked, a bridge fails, and the loss of life and the cost of destruction may sometimes be the responsibility of the engineer. To avoid these possibilities, engineers must not only know how to determine the stresses and deformations in structures and machines under a variety of possible loading conditions, but they should also know how well the selected material of construction is to resist the loading.

In our daily lives we are constantly faced with the importance of finding suitable engineering materials. A complete knowledge of the properties of engineering materials would not only be required by engineers to prevent failure of structures and machines, but such knowledge would be also necessary in order that these materials should be made use of most economically. In recent years, in fact some materials are available in insufficient quantities and the more effective use of new substitute materials required so that a thorough consideration of material properties will be made. The science of engineering materials has led to the development of many alloys having much greater resistance to various loading conditions. For many products made of nonmetallic materials used plastics, so a consideration of engineering properties might be very important. It is often required that we should get information on the properties of materials subjected to most severe conditions of temperature, corrosion, etc.

These conditions should be taken into account in the design of such constructions as gas and steam turbines for ships, rockets, jet engines, and various equipment to atomic power stations.

The development of materials required for the construction of the many machines, structures and products used in our modern civilization is provided by many engineers and scientists. In selecting the most suitable material and in the determination of the sizes of the required members, the designer might utilize the services of a materials engineer.

Grammar and lexical exercises

I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Predicate in the Passive Voice.

1. The name "Rubber" was derived from the verb "to rub". 2. This difficulty Was overcome much later. 3. Synthetic rubber is widely used in many branches of industry. 4. The seeds of rubber producing plants had been sent from America to England before they were sent to other countries. 5. This technological process has been greatly improved due to a fortunate acci­dent. 6. To adapt natural rubber to technical uses a process of vulcanization has been developed. 7. A uniform stable substance was obtained by heating the mixture of natural rubber and sulphur to high temperatures.

II. Put the Verbs in brackets in the required forms of the Tense and Voice and translate into Ukrainian

1. He (not to participate) in the work of any international scientific confer­ence yet. 2. They just (to invite) to participate in the work of a seminar on some urgent problems of biophysics. 3. In publications of that institute much space (to devote) unusually to problems of space research. 4. The Russian Academy of Sciences (to open) in 1725.5. He (to appoint) head of Doctor in mathematics. 6. Don't switch on the light. The experiment (to carry out) in complete darkness.

///. Find the Predicates in the Passive Voice and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. In the past centuries many universities were controlled by the church. 2. In the seventeenth century learned societies were organized in England and France. 3. In scientific monographs much space is often devoted to experimental work. 4. Groups of learned men were grouped together by their scientific interests. 5. July 15,1662 is usually considered the date of foundation of the Royal Society of England.