- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 1. Decide what parts of speech these words belong to and translate:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations and make up the sentences of your own with them:
- •Exercise 5. Match the word with its definition:
- •Exercise 6. Find the derivatives from the words and translate the text: hobby, regular, to manufacture, to win, to participate, original.
- •Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with the word in the right form. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Translate the word-combinations:
- •I. Gerund
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 10. Find the sentences with Gerund and translate them:
- •Exercise 11. Find and translate sentences with Gerund in the text:
- •Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the form of Gerund:
- •Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with Gerund. Use the verbs from your active vocabulary where possible:
- •Exercise 14. Translate English proverbs and sayings and give equivalents if possible:
- •Exercise 15. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 18. Compose sentences according to the model:
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
- •Task 2. Read an translate the text:
- •Task 3. Answer the questions using the information you have learnt from the text:
- •Task 4. Discuss the problems:
- •Task 5. Make possible word-combinations which can be ab or ba. For example exhaust gases or road safety:
- •Task 6. Write questions to the answers:
- •Task 7. Translate the sentences:
- •4. Read do's and don'ts of safe driving again. Make a summary of them without looking into the text.
- •1. Translate the word-combinations to understand the text:
- •2. Skim the text and find the answers to the questions after it:
- •3. Find the key sentences and speak on the text.
- •1. Read the text:
- •2. Make a short report on the necessity to avoid using alcohol while driving.
- •Task 1. Open the brackets and put the word in the right form: Some interesting facts about the car-making process
- •Outstanding people
- •Listen to the dialogue twice and reproduce it.
- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 5. Choose the right word for each sentence:
- •Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations:
- •I. Infinitive
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with your own ideas according to the models:
- •Exercise 9. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences:
- •II. Complex Object
- •Exercise 11. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 12. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 3. Read and translate the text:
- •Task 4.Write the nouns in the correct column in the table. Translate them:
- •Task 5. Answer the questions concerning each of the three groups of means of transportation:
- •Task 6. Translate the phrases in brackets using Complex Object:
- •Task 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 10. You are going to travel around the world. Get divided into groups of three and give arguments in favour of the kind of transportation you have chosen to travel by.
- •1. Look through the text and arrange the parts of the text in the chronological order:
- •2. Find the key sentences and speak on the text.
- •1. Read the text. Are the statements below true or false?
- •2. Give a brief outline of the problems in modern transportation and ways to solve these problems.
- •Improving london
- •1. Listen and choose the best answer to the questions:
- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Match the words to their definitions. Translate them:
- •Exercise 6. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Transform the sentences according to the model:
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with Future Simple, Future Progressive and Future Perfect:
- •Exercise 11. Compose sentences with different time signals. Use the active vocabulary:
- •Exercise 12. Translate into English. Put different types of questions to the sentences:
- •Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
- •Task 2. Read and translate the text.
- •Task 3. Say whether the statements are true or false:
- •Task 4. Find the right answer:
- •Task 5. Complete the sentences with the information from the text:
- •Task 6. Make up sentences:
- •Task 7. Choose the right form of the verb:
- •Task 8. Translate the sentences using Complex Object, Future Perfect and Perfect Progressive.
- •Task 9. You are walking along the street with small children. Children always put a lot of questions. They ask you “What were the first roads like?” Having read the text you can tell a lot about this.
- •1. Look through the text and choose the titles given below corresponding to the content of each passage of the text.
- •Supplementary vocabulary:
- •2. Here are the definitions of some words from the text. Find these words:
- •3. Summarize the text to produce a short report on road construction.
- •1. Skim the text to outline the main stages of history of asphalt:
- •2. Put the questions to the answers:
- •1. Mind some special terms to understand the text properly:
- •2. Read the text and match the type of the bridge with one of the features given below:
- •Listen to the text and think of some other outstanding people in the history of road construction.
- •Do you know that …
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match an opposite to the first word of the line:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the right verb from the box in the correct form:
- •Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 7. Translate chains of words:
- •I. Subjunctive mood
- •Exercise 8. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 9. Match a line in a to a line in b:
- •Exercise 10. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form:
- •Exercise 11. Rewrite these sentences using sentences of unreal condition:
- •Exercise 12. Restore the questions and answer them:
- •Exercise 13. Complete these sentences using Active Vocabulary:
- •Exercise 14. All people have dreams. Tell other students about your dreams and desires:
- •Exercise 15. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 4. Give definitions of the following:
- •Task 5. Here are the answers to some questions on computers. Write the questions:
- •2. What are the advantages of the portable computer? Name as many as you can.
- •1. Skim the text and get ready to discuss the main stages of the development of the computer:
- •5. Imagine one day of your life in 5 years. How will automatic ma-chines help you to live through this day? Write a composition of 10-15 sentences.
- •Translate the questions given above into English (in the written form) and ask your partners.
- •It’s interesting to read …
- •Listen to Tapescript 8 and complete each sentence:
- •Do you know that …
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivates:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Read the formulae and match them to their English equivalents:
- •Exercise 6. Study Fig. 9.1. Find out the sources of:
- •Exercise7. Answer the questions making use of the following words and word combinations. Study Fig. 9.1, Fig. 9.3:
- •Exercise 8. Study Fig. 9.2 and speak on how mercury reaches people. Use the verbs:
- •I. Subjunctive mood Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with adverbs from the box; ask and answer the questions on the information:
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences given after the tables:
- •Exercise 11. Match a line in a with a line in b to make statements:
- •Exercise 12. Make unreal conditional sentences for the following situations:
- •Exercise 13. Complete the sentences using the Active Vocabulary of the lesson:
- •Exercise 14. Find and correct one mistake in each sentence:
- •Exercise 15. Decide what parts of speech are words in bold type. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 1. Give your opinion on the following:
- •Task 2. Look through the text and divide it into five parts. Give titles to each part. Task 3. Read and translate the text:
- •Task 4. Answer the questions:
- •Task 5. Make word-combinations. Match nouns to verbs (a) and adjectives to nouns (b):
- •Task 6. Decide which words do not go along with these key words:
- •Task 7. Speak on the harm done to the environment . Use the table:
- •Task 8. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box to complete the sentences:
- •2. Here are the answers to some questions. Work out the questions:
- •3. Continue the list of causes of environmental pollution and explain the ways in which people pollute their surroundings:
- •2. Skim the text and check your answers:
- •1. Before reading the text, fill in the following table:
- •2. Look through the text and give your opinion on the following:
- •Listen to Tapescript 9 and do the following tasks:
- •I. Say what the following numbers refer to:
- •II. Choose the right ending to each sentence below:
- •Do you know that …
- •Active vocabulary
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Translate the word combinations:
- •Exercise 3. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 4. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 6. Translate into English to parts in brackets to complete the sentences:
- •Task 4. Answer the questions:
- •Task 5. Mind the following abbreviations of electronic correspondence:
- •Task 6. Translate the word combinations:
- •Task 7. There is an example of one type of messages. Read and translate it, answer the questions given after the message:
- •Task 8. Below are 3 messages. Write them in the form of fax or e-mail:
- •Task 9. Look through the following fax. This is an example of an informal message. Translate it:
- •Task 10. Fax your own messages on:
- •Task 11. Translate the sentences:
- •1. Restore the questions, concerning your c.V. (Resumé) and answer them:
- •2. Before reading text 10 b give your opinion on:
- •3. Read, translate and memorize the recommendations concerning resumé:
- •4. Look through the layouts of cv (1), cv (2) and resumé (3). Find their common features:
- •5. Interview an applicant. You want to begin with the questions about:
- •9. Translate the sentences:
- •10. This is a sample covering letter (or a letter of interest). Read, translate and write your own covering letter and a resumé:
- •1. Think of the answers to the following questions:
- •2. Skim the text:
- •II. The Functional Resumé.
- •4. Compare two tables with salutations and complimentary closes of different letters in British English and American English. Remember the differences:
- •5. Look through the structure of the following business letters and indicate the following parts: the letter-head, references, per pro, company position enclosure. Translate the letter:
- •6. Compose your own business letter.
- •8.Translate into English.
- •9. You want to continue your education abroad (choose any country, college or University). Write your own covering letter for this purpose.
- •In respect of/to-
- •Підрядні додаткові речення: that (щоб, що), whether, if (якщо, якби) Підрядні речення часу:
- •Умовні підрядні речення
Exercise 18. Compose sentences according to the model:
Model: To repair an old car - to buy a new one. He had already repaired his old car when he bought a new one. or He had been repairing his old car for some years before he bought a new one. |
to install apparatus - to close the laboratory.
to spread an information - to find out that it was false.
to provide with service - to understand that it wasn't necessary.
to widen the range of application - to find one more.
to increase the output of production - to receive an order for a new item.
to retire - to offer a new job.
to listen to an alarm clock - to get up.
to drive a car - to run into a truck.
to use this material - to find out that the other one is better.
to fail in mathematics - to be expelled from the university.
Exercise 19. Translate the sentences:
Він водив машину вже три роки, коли йому запропонували роботу водія.
Вчора я продав стару машину, тому що купив нову днями.
Прoїзд вже було цілком застопорено в зв'язку з аварією, коли приїхала поліція.
Випуск старих двигунів ще продовжувався, коли керівництво вирішило встановити нову лінію.
Я чекав у машині майже півгодини, коли прямування по вулиці нарешті відновилося.
Фургон уже півгодини їхав із швидкістю 70 км (kilometres per hour), коли водій побачив знак «50».
Майстер пропрацював цілий час, поки зрозумів причину поломки.
Скільки років вихлопні гази забруднювали повітря до того, як екологи почали боротися з цим?
До 40 років він домігся великого успіху.
Гальмовий ремінь остаточно ослабів, коли він доїхав до станції техобслуговування .
Люди залежали від коней, поки не з'явилися перші машини і вантажівки.
Автомобіль користувався великою популярністю вже на протязі багатьох років, коли з'явилися перші серйозні проблеми.
Розвиток парових двигунів уже набрав силу в Європі, коли була винайдена перша машина.
Винахідники вирішували цю проблему якийсь час, коли з'явилася нова.
TEXT 5 A
Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
What are the conveniences that the car brought to our life?
What are the drawbacks of the car's interference in our life?
Would you prefer to live in a carless society?
Have you ever watched car racing?
Do you know anything from the history of the automobile?
Which country is the greatest car-producer?
What businesses are related with automobile industry?
Can you name the most popular car-models?
Task 2. Read an translate the text:
Automobile
Automobile is the most important means of personal transportation for many millions of people around the globe. Worldwide, there are more than 400 million passenger cars plus more than 100 million light trucks, such as vans and pickups. People depend on their cars and trucks to travel to and from work, to run errands, to visit friends and relatives, and to take vacations.
The United States, Canada, Japan, Western European countries, and other developed nations have the most automobiles. But even in developing countries, more and more people own cars, and bumper-to-bumper traffic clogs the streets of big cities in many of those countries.
The automobile helped give people the freedom to live, work, travel wherever they wanted. It ended the lonely lives of farm families by placing neighbours, cities and towns within by reach. The automobile led to the growth of suburbs, motels, shopping centres, superhighways, drive-in restaurants.
But along with all the glories of the automobile culture came serious problems. Car accidents killed and injured at an alarming rate, exhaust fumes fouled the air, and the roar of the city traffic became nerve-racking. Some people yearned for the old days before the automobile, when the life seemed simpler, slower, and gentler. But there could be no going back. The automobile has become woven into the fabric of modern life. And the auto industry itself has become basic to the economic well-being of developed countries. Today many developing nations also seek to set up an automotive industry because it generates and supports wide range of businesses and so can stimulate economic growth.
The first cars. During the late 1700s, the development of steam-powered engines progressed rapidly in Europe. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, a French military engineer, built the first self-propelled road vehicles in 1769 and 1777. One was designed to carry passengers, and the other was a three-wheeled steam tractor for hauling artillery.
Numerous attempts in England to promote the use and development of steam cars failed because of competition from railroad. Early steam cars damaged roads and sometimes blew up. They also made a terrible racket, dirtied the air with smoke and frightened the horses.
Steam cars had big disadvantages, at first, it took too long for the fire to heat the boiler. Inventors solved this problem but others remained. Besides, these engines cost much to build and to maintain.
Electric cars. About 1891, William Morrison built the first successful American electric car, a six-passenger vehicle powered by batteries under the seats. Electric cars were quiet, easy to operate and free of smelly fumes. But the batteries limited how far or fast electric cars could go.
Gasoline cars. The automobile, as we know it today, resulted from the development of the internal-combustion engine. Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France, patented the first commercially successful internal-combustion engine in 1860. In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, two Germans working separately, developed the first successful four-stroke gasoline engines. Their engines led to the development of those used in the most cars today.
The birth of the automobile industry occurred in 1885, the year Daimler and Benz built their successful gasoline engines. Until 1900, Europe led the world in automobile development and production. Many present-day European car companies began in the late 1800's. For example, Peugeot, a French firm, started making automobiles in 1890. Another French company, Renault, began producing cars in 1898. Fiat of Italy dates from 1899. France and Germany became the first large production centres. But Detroit of the US soon became the Automobile Capital of the world and the main reason for it was that this area had a large number of successful pioneer auto-makers. Ransom E. Olds – in 1901 his firm began to mass-produce Oldsmobile, a low-cost gasoline car. Henry Ford – he founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. The key to his success was his moving assembly line, which tripled production. William Crapo Durant – he founded General Motors Company with the goal of making cars in a broad range of sizes and prices. The Dodge brothers made their own cars with all-steel body.
Technological advances came quickly after the birth of the auto industry and helped make cars safer, more comfortable and easier to operate. One major development was the introduction of the electric self-starter, which ended the need to insert a crank into the front of the engine and then turn the crank by hand until the engine started. Hand-cranking was difficult, troublesome and dangerous.
Economic impact. Economic importance of the auto extends far beyond making cars. The manufacture of motor vehicles alone provides millions of jobs worldwide. But supplier industries provide even more jobs than does manufacturing. And still more millions work in such related businesses as service stations, repair shops, and car agencies. For example, the auto industry and more than 500,000 related businesses in the US employ about 12 million workers – about a tenth of the US labour force.
Manufacturing jobs in the auto industry generally pay well and offer good benefits regarding vacations, insurance and retirement. Production workers earn the most money and receive the best benefits in developed countries. But even in developing nations, workers make two or three times more in automotive production than in other manufacturing activities.
The auto industry also aids many countries' economy by its huge consumption of the output of other industries. For example, the typical car requires more than 680 kilograms of steel, 230 kilograms of iron, 90 kilograms of plastics and 45 kilograms each of rubber and aluminum.
Automobile manufacturing can spur growth in developing countries because it generates and supports a broad range of businesses. Three main activities can be established – manufacturing, selling and servicing.
Major producing countries and companies. In the major of its products automobile industry leads all other manufacturing industries in Japan, the US and some other countries. Most developed nations produce motor vehicles. Many developing nations also manufacture cars and trucks or assemble them for auto-makers of other countries. In addition, more than 100 countries make parts and components.
Japan and the United States are the largest car producers. Other major producers are France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Spain. In general, the largest auto-making countries have the largest markets for cars. The largest US auto-makers are General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler Corporation. Japan's major producers are Toyota Motor Corporation, Nissan Motor Company, Honda Motor Company, Mitsubishi Motor Company and Mazda Motor Corporation.
European producers include Jaguar of Great Britain; Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Volkswagen, BMW, and Porsche of Germany; Saab and Volvo of Sweden; Peugeot and Renault of France; Fiat of Italy.