- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 1. Decide what parts of speech these words belong to and translate:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations and make up the sentences of your own with them:
- •Exercise 5. Match the word with its definition:
- •Exercise 6. Find the derivatives from the words and translate the text: hobby, regular, to manufacture, to win, to participate, original.
- •Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with the word in the right form. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Translate the word-combinations:
- •I. Gerund
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 10. Find the sentences with Gerund and translate them:
- •Exercise 11. Find and translate sentences with Gerund in the text:
- •Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the form of Gerund:
- •Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with Gerund. Use the verbs from your active vocabulary where possible:
- •Exercise 14. Translate English proverbs and sayings and give equivalents if possible:
- •Exercise 15. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 18. Compose sentences according to the model:
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
- •Task 2. Read an translate the text:
- •Task 3. Answer the questions using the information you have learnt from the text:
- •Task 4. Discuss the problems:
- •Task 5. Make possible word-combinations which can be ab or ba. For example exhaust gases or road safety:
- •Task 6. Write questions to the answers:
- •Task 7. Translate the sentences:
- •4. Read do's and don'ts of safe driving again. Make a summary of them without looking into the text.
- •1. Translate the word-combinations to understand the text:
- •2. Skim the text and find the answers to the questions after it:
- •3. Find the key sentences and speak on the text.
- •1. Read the text:
- •2. Make a short report on the necessity to avoid using alcohol while driving.
- •Task 1. Open the brackets and put the word in the right form: Some interesting facts about the car-making process
- •Outstanding people
- •Listen to the dialogue twice and reproduce it.
- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 5. Choose the right word for each sentence:
- •Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations:
- •I. Infinitive
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with your own ideas according to the models:
- •Exercise 9. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences:
- •II. Complex Object
- •Exercise 11. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 12. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 3. Read and translate the text:
- •Task 4.Write the nouns in the correct column in the table. Translate them:
- •Task 5. Answer the questions concerning each of the three groups of means of transportation:
- •Task 6. Translate the phrases in brackets using Complex Object:
- •Task 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 10. You are going to travel around the world. Get divided into groups of three and give arguments in favour of the kind of transportation you have chosen to travel by.
- •1. Look through the text and arrange the parts of the text in the chronological order:
- •2. Find the key sentences and speak on the text.
- •1. Read the text. Are the statements below true or false?
- •2. Give a brief outline of the problems in modern transportation and ways to solve these problems.
- •Improving london
- •1. Listen and choose the best answer to the questions:
- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Match the words to their definitions. Translate them:
- •Exercise 6. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Transform the sentences according to the model:
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with Future Simple, Future Progressive and Future Perfect:
- •Exercise 11. Compose sentences with different time signals. Use the active vocabulary:
- •Exercise 12. Translate into English. Put different types of questions to the sentences:
- •Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
- •Task 2. Read and translate the text.
- •Task 3. Say whether the statements are true or false:
- •Task 4. Find the right answer:
- •Task 5. Complete the sentences with the information from the text:
- •Task 6. Make up sentences:
- •Task 7. Choose the right form of the verb:
- •Task 8. Translate the sentences using Complex Object, Future Perfect and Perfect Progressive.
- •Task 9. You are walking along the street with small children. Children always put a lot of questions. They ask you “What were the first roads like?” Having read the text you can tell a lot about this.
- •1. Look through the text and choose the titles given below corresponding to the content of each passage of the text.
- •Supplementary vocabulary:
- •2. Here are the definitions of some words from the text. Find these words:
- •3. Summarize the text to produce a short report on road construction.
- •1. Skim the text to outline the main stages of history of asphalt:
- •2. Put the questions to the answers:
- •1. Mind some special terms to understand the text properly:
- •2. Read the text and match the type of the bridge with one of the features given below:
- •Listen to the text and think of some other outstanding people in the history of road construction.
- •Do you know that …
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match an opposite to the first word of the line:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the right verb from the box in the correct form:
- •Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 7. Translate chains of words:
- •I. Subjunctive mood
- •Exercise 8. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 9. Match a line in a to a line in b:
- •Exercise 10. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form:
- •Exercise 11. Rewrite these sentences using sentences of unreal condition:
- •Exercise 12. Restore the questions and answer them:
- •Exercise 13. Complete these sentences using Active Vocabulary:
- •Exercise 14. All people have dreams. Tell other students about your dreams and desires:
- •Exercise 15. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 4. Give definitions of the following:
- •Task 5. Here are the answers to some questions on computers. Write the questions:
- •2. What are the advantages of the portable computer? Name as many as you can.
- •1. Skim the text and get ready to discuss the main stages of the development of the computer:
- •5. Imagine one day of your life in 5 years. How will automatic ma-chines help you to live through this day? Write a composition of 10-15 sentences.
- •Translate the questions given above into English (in the written form) and ask your partners.
- •It’s interesting to read …
- •Listen to Tapescript 8 and complete each sentence:
- •Do you know that …
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivates:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Read the formulae and match them to their English equivalents:
- •Exercise 6. Study Fig. 9.1. Find out the sources of:
- •Exercise7. Answer the questions making use of the following words and word combinations. Study Fig. 9.1, Fig. 9.3:
- •Exercise 8. Study Fig. 9.2 and speak on how mercury reaches people. Use the verbs:
- •I. Subjunctive mood Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with adverbs from the box; ask and answer the questions on the information:
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences given after the tables:
- •Exercise 11. Match a line in a with a line in b to make statements:
- •Exercise 12. Make unreal conditional sentences for the following situations:
- •Exercise 13. Complete the sentences using the Active Vocabulary of the lesson:
- •Exercise 14. Find and correct one mistake in each sentence:
- •Exercise 15. Decide what parts of speech are words in bold type. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 1. Give your opinion on the following:
- •Task 2. Look through the text and divide it into five parts. Give titles to each part. Task 3. Read and translate the text:
- •Task 4. Answer the questions:
- •Task 5. Make word-combinations. Match nouns to verbs (a) and adjectives to nouns (b):
- •Task 6. Decide which words do not go along with these key words:
- •Task 7. Speak on the harm done to the environment . Use the table:
- •Task 8. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box to complete the sentences:
- •2. Here are the answers to some questions. Work out the questions:
- •3. Continue the list of causes of environmental pollution and explain the ways in which people pollute their surroundings:
- •2. Skim the text and check your answers:
- •1. Before reading the text, fill in the following table:
- •2. Look through the text and give your opinion on the following:
- •Listen to Tapescript 9 and do the following tasks:
- •I. Say what the following numbers refer to:
- •II. Choose the right ending to each sentence below:
- •Do you know that …
- •Active vocabulary
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Translate the word combinations:
- •Exercise 3. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 4. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 6. Translate into English to parts in brackets to complete the sentences:
- •Task 4. Answer the questions:
- •Task 5. Mind the following abbreviations of electronic correspondence:
- •Task 6. Translate the word combinations:
- •Task 7. There is an example of one type of messages. Read and translate it, answer the questions given after the message:
- •Task 8. Below are 3 messages. Write them in the form of fax or e-mail:
- •Task 9. Look through the following fax. This is an example of an informal message. Translate it:
- •Task 10. Fax your own messages on:
- •Task 11. Translate the sentences:
- •1. Restore the questions, concerning your c.V. (Resumé) and answer them:
- •2. Before reading text 10 b give your opinion on:
- •3. Read, translate and memorize the recommendations concerning resumé:
- •4. Look through the layouts of cv (1), cv (2) and resumé (3). Find their common features:
- •5. Interview an applicant. You want to begin with the questions about:
- •9. Translate the sentences:
- •10. This is a sample covering letter (or a letter of interest). Read, translate and write your own covering letter and a resumé:
- •1. Think of the answers to the following questions:
- •2. Skim the text:
- •II. The Functional Resumé.
- •4. Compare two tables with salutations and complimentary closes of different letters in British English and American English. Remember the differences:
- •5. Look through the structure of the following business letters and indicate the following parts: the letter-head, references, per pro, company position enclosure. Translate the letter:
- •6. Compose your own business letter.
- •8.Translate into English.
- •9. You want to continue your education abroad (choose any country, college or University). Write your own covering letter for this purpose.
- •In respect of/to-
- •Підрядні додаткові речення: that (щоб, що), whether, if (якщо, якби) Підрядні речення часу:
- •Умовні підрядні речення
Task 4.Write the nouns in the correct column in the table. Translate them:
glider; hovercraft; oxen; raft; dugout; balloon; truck; pipeline; barge; jet; helicopter; canoe; train; paddles; airliner; rowboat; camel; plane; sails tugboat; tracks; highway; motorcycle.
Land transport |
Water transport |
Air transport |
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Task 5. Answer the questions concerning each of the three groups of means of transportation:
1) What kinds of engine-powered (engineless) transport does this group include?
2) What are they used for?
3) What are their main advantages and disadvantages?
Task 6. Translate the phrases in brackets using Complex Object:
We expected (що будівництво корабля закінчиться до вересня).
He wants (щоб керівник перевірив результат експерименту).
I’d like (щоб ви приїхали до аеропорту вчасно).
I couldn’t believe (що рятувальна команда приїде так швидко).
I suppose (що її відіслали у відрядження).
He wishes (щоб його син підтримував машину у доброму стані).
We know (що він відмінно водить машину).
Task 7. Translate the sentences:
Ми спостерігали |
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Ви чули |
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Я не помітив |
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Task 8. Give an outline of chief stages of transportation development in the form of the plan. Get ready to speak on it.
Task 9. You are going to travel by (a) car; (b) ship; (c) airplane. Choose the way of travelling and answer the questions:
What kinds of preparations are you going to make?
e.g. I am going to fill up the car with petrol.
How are you going to spend your time?
e.g. I am going to sunbathe on the deck all day long.
What will you do if … ?
a) The engine begins to misfire.
b) You see a giant shark some metres away.
c) The thunderstorm breaks out during the flight.
d) The ship begins to sink.
e) You run out of petrol but there is no gas station near by.
e.g. If the engine begins to misfire I will drop at the service station for help.
Task 10. You are going to travel around the world. Get divided into groups of three and give arguments in favour of the kind of transportation you have chosen to travel by.
Text 6 B
1. Look through the text and arrange the parts of the text in the chronological order:
1. 5. 9. 13.
2. 6. 10.
3. 7. 11.
4. 8. 12.
History of transportation
a. The first commercial airlines began service in Europe, Airlines began operations in many other parts of the world, the world's airlines carried 3.5 million passengers annually. All airplanes had propellers and gasoline engines. Germany built the first planes with jet engines. All the early jet aircraft were warplanes.
b. People travelled on foot and carried their infants and belongings strapped to their backs or heads. Loads too heavy for one person to carry were strapped to a pole and carried by two people.
c. German engineer Rudolf Diesel invented the engine that was later named after him. In time, diesel engines replaced steam engines on many ships and on most trains. But of all the inventions of this period, the gasoline engine was the one that brought about the most far-reaching changes in transportation.
d. Germanic tribes conquered most of the Roman territories in western Europe. The majority of Roman roads fell into ruin during the following centuries. However, a few are still used.
e. Several important navigation instruments were developed. One such instrument, called a mariner's compass, allowed voyagers to navigate their ships even when the sky was overcast and they could not use the positions of the moon, stars, and planets for navigation.
f. Greek cargo ships sailed from home with huge jars of olive oil and wine. These products were exchanged for wheat and other grains at various ports on the Mediterranean and Black seas.
g. Rome ruled the mightiest empire of ancient times. At its peak, the Roman Empire included all the lands bordering the Mediterranean. It also extended as far north as the British Isles and as far east as the Persian Gulf. To help hold their vast empire together, the Romans built a highly advanced system of roads.
h. The invention of the steam engine marked the beginning of the greatest revolution in transportation sailboat. British inventors developed the steam engine. The first commercially successful steamboat service started in the United States. Ships powered by steam engines were rapidly taking the place of sailing ships on the world’s shipping lanes. The world’s first successful steam railroad went into service in England.
i. The invention of the rigid horse collar and iron horseshoe, stimulated overland trade in Europe. They made it possible for horses to pull as much weight as oxen – and for longer distances and at twice the speed.
j. People began to use donkeys and oxen as pack animals. Next, they invented harnesses so that the animals could pull sledges. The use of donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden enabled people to transport heavier loads than they could before.
k. People began to develop water transportation. They built rafts of such materials as logs or reeds. Later, people learned how to make dugouts and canoes.
l. The Mesopotamians built the first wheeled vehicles. They were four-wheeled carts that were pulled by oxen. At first, the Mesopotamians used carts mainly as funeral cars. Then they carried Mesopotamian troops into battle. In time, carts were occasionally used to carry passengers and to haul grain, sand, and other goods.
m. Such European explorers as Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and Sir Francis Drake made great ocean voyages. As a result of these and later voyages, European civilization continued to spread westward— first to North and South America and then to Australia and New Zealand. However, this expansion of European culture took several hundred years. In spite of the improvements in ship construction, ocean travel remained extremely slow.
Supplementary vocabulary:
mighty – могутній to strap – прив'язувати ременем harness – упряж, збруя funeral – похорон horse collar – хомут |
cart – візок pole – тичина reed – очерет troops – війська |
2. Which, in your opinion, will be the next stage in the development of transportation? Explain your ideas.
Text 6 C
1. Skim the text and choose the correct answers to the questions below:
Passenger transportation
There are two main types of passenger transportation: (1) private transportation and (2) public transportation. People who use private transportation operate their own vehicles. Those who use public transportation pay to ride on vehicles owned and operated by private companies or the government.
Private transportation in industrial countries is provided mainly by automobiles, bicycles, motorcycles, and private airplanes. Automobiles are by far the most important means of private transportation.
Automobiles are also the chief means of passenger transportation in Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and most of the nations of Western Europe. People in these countries and in the United States own about 77 per cent of the world's automobiles. There are about 12 million miles (19 million kilometres) of roads throughout the world. About one-third of this mileage is in the United States.
Public transportation. Any organized passenger service that is available to the general public can be classed as public transportation. There are three main types of public transportation service: (1) urban (2) intercity, and (3) overseas.
Urban service. Most large urban areas provide some means of public transportation for people who do not own a car or who prefer to avoid city driving whenever possible. Public transportation in urban areas is called mass transit. Mass transit between cities and their suburbs is often called commuter service.
Buses are the chief mass transit vehicles. However, most of the world's big cities offer rail service in addition to bus service. About 90 cities throughout the world, have both subway and surface rail lines. Many big cities throughout the world also have elevated trains, which run on tracks above the streets.
Intercity service is provided mainly by airplanes, buses, and trains. Airlines handle the biggest share of this traffic, and railroads the smallest. The airlines share increases with the length of the trip. High-speed trains can compete with airliners for passengers on runs up to about 500 miles (800 kilometres).
Overseas service. The first overseas airlines began operations during the 1930's. But the planes had to stop frequently during a flight for refuelling. The first non-stop transoceanic airliners appeared during the late 1940's. These propeller-driven planes could carry passengers across the Atlantic safely and comfortably in hours rather than days.
Today, almost all overseas travellers go by plane. Only one ocean liner, Britain's Queen Elizabeth 2, still makes transatlantic voyages. Most ocean liners today operate as cruise ships. They specialize in taking vacationists to the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, and other warm areas.
In 1976, the first supersonic airliner, the Concorde, began service between Europe and the United States. The Concorde travels between New York City and London or Paris – a distance of about 3,500 miles (5,630 kilometres) – in approximately 3.5 to 4 hours. However, travelling by supersonic airliner is expensive because these planes consume large amounts of fuel.
The cheapest way to move general cargo is by water. Rail transportation costs about 3 times as much as water transportation, and truck transportation costs about 10 times as much. Air transportation is by far the most expensive way to move freight. It costs nearly 40 times as much as water transportation. Because air transportation is so costly, cargo planes usually carry only expensive, lightweight, or perishable merchandise.
Transportation is one of the leading industries in the world. Many of the world's biggest industrial firms earn all or much of their income from the sale of equipment or fuel for transportation. The transportation industry employs many millions of people in countries throughout the world. In the United States alone, about 10 per cent of all workers are directly or indirectly involved in providing transportation.
The transportation industry consists of (1) equipment manufacturers, (2) passenger and freight carriers, and (3) related industries.
Equipment manufacturers produce the vehicles on which modern transportation depends. These manufacturers also supply the equipment needed to operate the vehicles, such as railroad tracks and airplane communications systems.
Companies that make automobiles, buses, and trucks are by far the largest producers of transportation equipment. The two leading U.S. producers of such motor vehicles are General Motors Corporation and Ford Motor Company. They rank among the leading manufacturing firms in the world.
Passenger and freight carriers include airlines, intercity bus lines, mass transit companies, pipeline companies, railroads, shipping lines, and trucking firms. In most countries, the central government owns and operates all the airlines and railroads and some or all of the intercity bus times.
Related industries include glass, petroleum, steel, and tire production; road construction; the selling of new and used automobiles; and the servicing of automobiles. Petroleum production is the leading transportation-related industry in terms of value.
1. Which of the following is not true?
Private transportation is provided by:
a) automobiles; b) buses; c) private airplanes; d) motorcycles.
2. What is the length of roads in the USA?
a) 12 mln (miles); b) 6 mln; c) 4 mln; d) 3 mln.
3. Why do some people prefer public transport?
a) It is cheaper.
b) It is more convenient.
c) They don’t like driving.
d) They try to avoid city driving.
4. The number of cities offering rail service is:
a) 90; b) 77; c) 500; d) 40.
5. Why didn’t the first overseas planes become popular?
a) their flights were too expensive;
b) they needed too much fuel;
c) they needed to be refuelled too often;
d) they broke too often.
6. When did the first non-stop transoceanic airliner most probably appear?
a) in 1940; b) in 1942; c) in 1948; d) in 1939.
7. What do most ocean liners specialize in today?
a) carrying holiday-makers;
b) delivering perishable goods;
c) taking cargoes;
d) carrying out military actions.
8. How many times is truck transportation less expensive than air one?
a) 10; b) 3; c) 4; d) 40.
9. How many people all over the world are involved in transportation?
a) 10 mln; b) about 4 mln; c) a few millions; d) many millions.
10. Which of the following is not true?
Equipment manufacturers produce:
a) vehicles; b) tyres; c) tracks; d) trucks.