- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 1. Decide what parts of speech these words belong to and translate:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations and make up the sentences of your own with them:
- •Exercise 5. Match the word with its definition:
- •Exercise 6. Find the derivatives from the words and translate the text: hobby, regular, to manufacture, to win, to participate, original.
- •Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with the word in the right form. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Translate the word-combinations:
- •I. Gerund
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 10. Find the sentences with Gerund and translate them:
- •Exercise 11. Find and translate sentences with Gerund in the text:
- •Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the form of Gerund:
- •Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with Gerund. Use the verbs from your active vocabulary where possible:
- •Exercise 14. Translate English proverbs and sayings and give equivalents if possible:
- •Exercise 15. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 18. Compose sentences according to the model:
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
- •Task 2. Read an translate the text:
- •Task 3. Answer the questions using the information you have learnt from the text:
- •Task 4. Discuss the problems:
- •Task 5. Make possible word-combinations which can be ab or ba. For example exhaust gases or road safety:
- •Task 6. Write questions to the answers:
- •Task 7. Translate the sentences:
- •4. Read do's and don'ts of safe driving again. Make a summary of them without looking into the text.
- •1. Translate the word-combinations to understand the text:
- •2. Skim the text and find the answers to the questions after it:
- •3. Find the key sentences and speak on the text.
- •1. Read the text:
- •2. Make a short report on the necessity to avoid using alcohol while driving.
- •Task 1. Open the brackets and put the word in the right form: Some interesting facts about the car-making process
- •Outstanding people
- •Listen to the dialogue twice and reproduce it.
- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 5. Choose the right word for each sentence:
- •Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations:
- •I. Infinitive
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with your own ideas according to the models:
- •Exercise 9. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences:
- •II. Complex Object
- •Exercise 11. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 12. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 3. Read and translate the text:
- •Task 4.Write the nouns in the correct column in the table. Translate them:
- •Task 5. Answer the questions concerning each of the three groups of means of transportation:
- •Task 6. Translate the phrases in brackets using Complex Object:
- •Task 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 10. You are going to travel around the world. Get divided into groups of three and give arguments in favour of the kind of transportation you have chosen to travel by.
- •1. Look through the text and arrange the parts of the text in the chronological order:
- •2. Find the key sentences and speak on the text.
- •1. Read the text. Are the statements below true or false?
- •2. Give a brief outline of the problems in modern transportation and ways to solve these problems.
- •Improving london
- •1. Listen and choose the best answer to the questions:
- •Do you know that:
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Match the words to their definitions. Translate them:
- •Exercise 6. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 8. Transform the sentences according to the model:
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with Future Simple, Future Progressive and Future Perfect:
- •Exercise 11. Compose sentences with different time signals. Use the active vocabulary:
- •Exercise 12. Translate into English. Put different types of questions to the sentences:
- •Task 1. Think over the answers to the following questions:
- •Task 2. Read and translate the text.
- •Task 3. Say whether the statements are true or false:
- •Task 4. Find the right answer:
- •Task 5. Complete the sentences with the information from the text:
- •Task 6. Make up sentences:
- •Task 7. Choose the right form of the verb:
- •Task 8. Translate the sentences using Complex Object, Future Perfect and Perfect Progressive.
- •Task 9. You are walking along the street with small children. Children always put a lot of questions. They ask you “What were the first roads like?” Having read the text you can tell a lot about this.
- •1. Look through the text and choose the titles given below corresponding to the content of each passage of the text.
- •Supplementary vocabulary:
- •2. Here are the definitions of some words from the text. Find these words:
- •3. Summarize the text to produce a short report on road construction.
- •1. Skim the text to outline the main stages of history of asphalt:
- •2. Put the questions to the answers:
- •1. Mind some special terms to understand the text properly:
- •2. Read the text and match the type of the bridge with one of the features given below:
- •Listen to the text and think of some other outstanding people in the history of road construction.
- •Do you know that …
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 3. Match an opposite to the first word of the line:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the right verb from the box in the correct form:
- •Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations:
- •Exercise 7. Translate chains of words:
- •I. Subjunctive mood
- •Exercise 8. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 9. Match a line in a to a line in b:
- •Exercise 10. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form:
- •Exercise 11. Rewrite these sentences using sentences of unreal condition:
- •Exercise 12. Restore the questions and answer them:
- •Exercise 13. Complete these sentences using Active Vocabulary:
- •Exercise 14. All people have dreams. Tell other students about your dreams and desires:
- •Exercise 15. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 4. Give definitions of the following:
- •Task 5. Here are the answers to some questions on computers. Write the questions:
- •2. What are the advantages of the portable computer? Name as many as you can.
- •1. Skim the text and get ready to discuss the main stages of the development of the computer:
- •5. Imagine one day of your life in 5 years. How will automatic ma-chines help you to live through this day? Write a composition of 10-15 sentences.
- •Translate the questions given above into English (in the written form) and ask your partners.
- •It’s interesting to read …
- •Listen to Tapescript 8 and complete each sentence:
- •Do you know that …
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivates:
- •Exercise 2. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations:
- •Exercise 5. Read the formulae and match them to their English equivalents:
- •Exercise 6. Study Fig. 9.1. Find out the sources of:
- •Exercise7. Answer the questions making use of the following words and word combinations. Study Fig. 9.1, Fig. 9.3:
- •Exercise 8. Study Fig. 9.2 and speak on how mercury reaches people. Use the verbs:
- •I. Subjunctive mood Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with adverbs from the box; ask and answer the questions on the information:
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences given after the tables:
- •Exercise 11. Match a line in a with a line in b to make statements:
- •Exercise 12. Make unreal conditional sentences for the following situations:
- •Exercise 13. Complete the sentences using the Active Vocabulary of the lesson:
- •Exercise 14. Find and correct one mistake in each sentence:
- •Exercise 15. Decide what parts of speech are words in bold type. Translate the sentences:
- •Task 1. Give your opinion on the following:
- •Task 2. Look through the text and divide it into five parts. Give titles to each part. Task 3. Read and translate the text:
- •Task 4. Answer the questions:
- •Task 5. Make word-combinations. Match nouns to verbs (a) and adjectives to nouns (b):
- •Task 6. Decide which words do not go along with these key words:
- •Task 7. Speak on the harm done to the environment . Use the table:
- •Task 8. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box to complete the sentences:
- •2. Here are the answers to some questions. Work out the questions:
- •3. Continue the list of causes of environmental pollution and explain the ways in which people pollute their surroundings:
- •2. Skim the text and check your answers:
- •1. Before reading the text, fill in the following table:
- •2. Look through the text and give your opinion on the following:
- •Listen to Tapescript 9 and do the following tasks:
- •I. Say what the following numbers refer to:
- •II. Choose the right ending to each sentence below:
- •Do you know that …
- •Active vocabulary
- •Exercise 1. Translate the derivatives:
- •Exercise 2. Translate the word combinations:
- •Exercise 3. Match synonyms:
- •Exercise 4. Match opposites:
- •Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Translate the sentences:
- •Exercise 6. Translate into English to parts in brackets to complete the sentences:
- •Task 4. Answer the questions:
- •Task 5. Mind the following abbreviations of electronic correspondence:
- •Task 6. Translate the word combinations:
- •Task 7. There is an example of one type of messages. Read and translate it, answer the questions given after the message:
- •Task 8. Below are 3 messages. Write them in the form of fax or e-mail:
- •Task 9. Look through the following fax. This is an example of an informal message. Translate it:
- •Task 10. Fax your own messages on:
- •Task 11. Translate the sentences:
- •1. Restore the questions, concerning your c.V. (Resumé) and answer them:
- •2. Before reading text 10 b give your opinion on:
- •3. Read, translate and memorize the recommendations concerning resumé:
- •4. Look through the layouts of cv (1), cv (2) and resumé (3). Find their common features:
- •5. Interview an applicant. You want to begin with the questions about:
- •9. Translate the sentences:
- •10. This is a sample covering letter (or a letter of interest). Read, translate and write your own covering letter and a resumé:
- •1. Think of the answers to the following questions:
- •2. Skim the text:
- •II. The Functional Resumé.
- •4. Compare two tables with salutations and complimentary closes of different letters in British English and American English. Remember the differences:
- •5. Look through the structure of the following business letters and indicate the following parts: the letter-head, references, per pro, company position enclosure. Translate the letter:
- •6. Compose your own business letter.
- •8.Translate into English.
- •9. You want to continue your education abroad (choose any country, college or University). Write your own covering letter for this purpose.
- •In respect of/to-
- •Підрядні додаткові речення: that (щоб, що), whether, if (якщо, якби) Підрядні речення часу:
- •Умовні підрядні речення
Task 3. Read and translate the text:
Kinds of transportation
Transportation is the act of moving people or goods from one place to another. Transportation takes people where they need or want to go, and it brings them the goods they need or want. Without transportation, there could be no trade. Without trade, there could be no towns and cities. Towns and cities are traditionally the centres of civilization. Therefore, transportation helps make civilization possible.
Throughout most of history, transportation was extremely slow and difficult. In prehistoric times, people travelled mainly on foot. They transported goods on their backs or heads or by dragging them along the ground. About 5000 B.C., people began to use animals to haul loads. By 3000 B.C. wagons and sailing vessels had been invented. The use of animals, wagons, and sailing vessels enabled people to transport loads farther and more easily than before. But the speed of transportation improved only slightly over the centuries. Inventors produced the first engine-powered vehicles during the late 1700's and the early 1800's. This development marked the beginning of a revolution in transportation that has continued to the present. Today, jet airliners carry travellers nearly as fast as, or faster than, the speed of sound. Trains, trucks, and giant cargo ships haul goods to buyers in almost all parts of the world. Automobiles provide convenient transportation for millions of people.
Although engine-powered transportation has benefited people in many ways, it has also created problems. For example, it uses great quantities of fuel and so strains the world's energy supplies. Automobiles jam many streets and highways, making travel slow. In addition, their exhaust fumes pollute the air. Such problems are so difficult to solve that governments have become increasingly involved in transportation.
There are three main kinds of transportation: (1) land, (2) water, and (3) air. Land transportation depends mainly on wheeled vehicles, especially automobiles, trains, and trucks. Ships and boats are the most important water vehicles. Air transportation depends almost entirely on airplanes.
Each kind of transportation can further be classified according to whether the vehicles are engine powered or engineless. Most engine-powered vehicles have gasoline, diesel or jet engines. The majority of engineless vehicles are powered by the muscles of human beings or animals or by natural forces, such as the wind or flowing water.
Engine-powered transportation has many advantages over engineless transportation. It is usually faster, more dependable, and can carry greater loads. However, such transportation is costly. Most kinds of engine-powered vehicles cost from several thousands to many millions of dollars, depending on the type of vehicle. In most cases, each type of vehicle also requires certain supporting facilities. Automobiles require roads. Trains must have tracks. Airplanes require airports. Ships need docks and ports. All these facilities are expensive to build and maintain. Every form of engine-powered transportation also requires a source of energy. The combined cost of the vehicles, supporting facilities, and energy makes engine-powered transportation extremely expensive.
Land transportation is the most common kind of transportation by far. In many cases, it is the only suitable or available transportation.
Engine-powered land transportation. Automobiles, buses, motorcycles, snowmobiles, trains, and trucks are the chief engine-powered land vehicles. All these vehicles ride on wheels. Pipelines are another important form of engine-powered land transportation.
Automobiles, buses, and trucks are the main modern road vehicles. In areas well served by roads, they can provide a variety of transportation services. Automobiles enable people to travel whenever and by whatever route they choose. Buses carry passengers along fixed routes between and within cities. Trucks can provide door-to-door freight service. In Europe and Japan, many people drive motorcycles to and from work. In the United States, people use motorcycles mainly for recreation.
Unlike road vehicles, trains ride on tracks. As a result, trains usually cannot provide door-to-door freight service as can trucks or convenient connecting services such as buses. But trains can haul far heavier loads than trucks can. They can also carry many more passengers than buses can.
Engineless land transportation. Walking is the most elementary means of transportation. Carrying a load on one's back or head or using animals to carry loads is also elementary. Animals used for this purpose are called pack animals or beasts of burden. They include camels, donkeys, elephants, horses, lamas, and oxen. People use pack animals mainly in regions that lack modern roads. Such regions include many deserts, mountainous areas and jungles.
Water transportation depends mainly on boats, ships and rafts. Any small watercraft is classed as a boat. People use boats chiefly on rivers, canals and lakes. A ship is a larger vessel sturdy enough for ocean travel. A raft is a floating platform constructed of such materials as logs or barrels.
Engine-powered water transportation. Nearly all ships, and many boats are powered by engines. Most ships specialize in hauling cargo.
Few ships specialize in transporting passengers. However, various types of motorboats carry passengers locally. Some engine-powered boats, especially tugboats, are used in hauling freight. Barges are actually large rafts. Most barges must be pushed or towed.
Hovercraft, or air cushion vehicles, ride above the water on a cushion of air. One or more powerful fans inside the vehicle create the air cushion.
Engineless water transportation. Engineless water vehicles include dugouts, canoes, rowboats, sailboats, and rafts. People use paddles or oars to propel dugouts, canoes, and rowboats. Sailboats are powered by the wind. Rafts may he propelled by paddles, poles, sails, or water currents.
Air transportation depends almost entirely on engine-powered craft, especially airplanes. Engineless vehicles, such as gliders and hot-air balloons, are used mainly for recreation.
Airplanes provide the world's fastest practical means of transporting passengers and freight. Only rocket-powered spacecraft travel faster. Big airliners routinely fly 500 to 600 miles per hour (mph), or 800 to 970 kilometres per hour (kph). Most private planes and some older airliners are powered by gasoline engines and driven by propellers. Nearly all newer airliners and some private planes have jet engines. Supersonic jets fly faster than the speed of sound. These planes travel at about 1,500 mph (2,410 kph). Most airliners chiefly carry passengers. Even the biggest planes can carry only a fraction of the weight that a ship or train can haul. Air freight rates are high as a result. The high cost limits the shipment of goods by air to expensive, lightweight or perishable cargo. Such goods include electronic equipment and fresh flowers.
Helicopters, like airplanes, are powered by engines. But helicopters are smaller than most airplanes and cannot fly as fast or as far. Nor can they carry as many passengers as airplanes. Helicopters therefore play a secondary role in air transportation. However, they are much more manoeuvrable and have certain special uses. For example, helicopters are used in rescue work and in fighting forest fires.