- •Передмова
- •Contents
- •Lesson 1
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Read and translate the text: Deformation and Stress
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:
- •Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second part (a-g).
- •Finish the following sentences:
- •The definitions of the words are given. Try to guess these words.
- •8. Match English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •9. Make a summary of the text. Lesson 2
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Read and translate the text: Types of Deformation
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text:
- •Make up word combinations from the following words, translate them into Ukrainian.
- •Finish the following sentences:
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •8. Match English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •9. Express the main idea of the text in the shortest possible way. Lesson 3
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Read and translate the text: Compressive Stress
- •Answer the following questions:
- •The definitions of the words are given. Try to guess these words.
- •Make up word combinations from the following words, translate them into Ukrainian.
- •Decide whether the statements below are true or false:
- •Lesson 4
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Tensile Strength
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •Decide whether the statements below are true or false:
- •The definitions of the words are given. Try to guess these words.
- •Lesson 5
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Controlling Shock and Vibration in Electronic Products
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second part (a-g).
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text:
- •Lesson 6
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Random Vibration. Design Rules of Thumb
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Put these words in to the right order to make sentences:
- •Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text:
- •Finish the following sentences:
- •8. Match English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •9. Express the main idea of the text in the shortest possible way. Lesson 7
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Read and translate the text: From the History of Strength Theories
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •Put these words in to the right order to make sentences:
- •Make up word combinations from the following words, translate them into Ukrainian:
- •Decide whether the statements below are true or false:
- •8. Match English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •9. Make a plan of the text. Lesson 8
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Read and translate the text: Mohr's Strength Theories
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Finish the following sentences:
- •Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:
- •Put these words in to the right order to make sentences:
- •Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text.
- •8. Match English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •9. Give subtitles to each paragraph of the text. Lesson 9
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
- •Read and translate the text: Strength Theories
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Decide, whether the statements below are true or false:
- •Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second part (a-g).
- •Translation Techniques
- •References:
Передмова
Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни "Англійська мова професійного спрямування" до самостійної роботи студентів 4 курсу спеціальності "Динаміка і міцність машин" механіко-машинобудівного інституту побудовано відповідно до програми і спрямовано на розвиток у студентів немовних спеціальностей навичок читання та перекладу технічних та науково-технічних текстів та збагачення словникового запасу.
Методичні рекомендації містять добірку неадаптованих текстів на базі сучасних оригінальних підручників, технічних журналів та газет, що виходять англійською мовою. Це дає можливість студентам ознайомитись з мовними стилями різних авторів і різних джерел.
Метою даного видання є розширення та закріплення студентами термінологічної лексики за фахом, а також удосконалення ними навичок технічного читання.
З метою удосконалення у студентів навичок перекладу та розуміння спеціальної термінології без перекладу до текстів додані вправи на закріплення знань з фахової лексики.
Виконання студентами методичних рекомендацій сприяє інтенсифікації процесу вивчення англійської мови професійного спрямування та розуміння науково-технічних текстів за фахом.
Contents
Передмова 3
Lesson 1. Deformation and Stress 5
Lesson 2. Types of Deformation 8
Lesson 3. Compressive Stress 12
Lesson 4. Tensile Strength 16
Lesson 5. Controlling Shock and Vibration in Electronic Products 20
Lesson 6. Random Vibration. Design Rules of Thumb 25
Lesson 7. From the History of Strength Theories 29
Lesson 8. Mohr's Strength Theories 34
Lesson 9. Strength Theories 38
Annex 43
References 44
Lesson 1
Find in the text English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
брусок, навантаження, рівновага, опір, розтягнення, площа, довжина, напруга, інтенсивність, розмір, пружність, стиснення, зрушення, тіло, деформація, приклад, зовнішня сила, дія, квадратний дюйм, дріт, форма, місце, знаходити, виробляти, подовження, скорочення, плоскість, нормальна напруга, дотична напруга, позначати, зріз.
Read and translate the text: Deformation and Stress
The effect of an external force acting upon an elastic body is to produce deformation, or change of shape. For example, if a bar is placed in a testing machine and a tensile load applied, it will be found that the length of the bar is increased and the cross section area diminished. Similarly, if a compressive load is applied, the length of the bar is diminished and the area of its cross section increased.
All solid bodies offer more or less resistance to the deformation, or change of shape, produced by external force. This internal resistance, when expressed in definite units, is called stress. A body under the action of stress is said to be strained.
In general the stress is not the same at all points of a body, but varies from point to point. The intensity of stress at any particular point is expressed as the force in pounds, which would be exerted if the stress were uniform and acted over an area one square inch in extent. That is to say, whatever the actual extent of the area considered, whether finite or infinitesimal, the stress is expressed in pounds per square inch.
For example, suppose that a wire 1/4 in. in diameter is pulled with a force of 50 lb. Then for equilibrium the total stress acting on any cross section of the wire must also be 50 lb. But since the area of the cross section is only 0,049 in.2, the intensity of the stress is 50/0,049. In other words, if the wire were 1 sq. in. in cross section, the strain under a load of 1000 lb. would be the same as that produced by a load of 50 lb. on a wire 1/4 in. in diameter.
Taking any plane section under strain, the stress acting on this plane section may in general be resolved, like any force, into two components, one perpendicular to the plane and the other lying in the plane. The perpendicular, or normal, component is called direct stress and is either tension or compression. The tangential component, or that lying in the plane of the cross section, is called shear. In what follows, the letter p will always be used to denote normal, or direct stress, and q to denote tangential stress, or shear.
The effect of a normal stress is to produce extension or compression, that is, a lengthening or shortening of the fibers, thereby changing the dimensions of the body; whereas shear tends to slide any given cross section over the one adjacent to it, thus producing angular deformation, or change in shape of the body without altering its dimensions.