III. Answer the questions

1. What does the refinery consist of?

2. What kinds of plants do you know?

3. What are the units of refinery? (manufacturing, tankage, handling facilities …)

4. What storage capacity should be for crude oil and finished products?

5. Which of nonvolatile products do you know?

6. How are they stored?

7. Where can liquefied petroleum gases be stored?

8. What methods of transportation of crude oil are there?

IV. Translate from Russian into English

1. Простейший завод состоит из перегонного агрегата, каталического преобразователя и раздаточных узлов.

2. С внедрением дополнительных средств переработки на заводах появляется возможность создания (строительства) завода с надлежащим оборудованием переработки продуктов на всех стадиях.

3. Складская ёмкость (объём) хранения сырой нефти может быть минимальной, если перерабатывающий завод соединен с месторождением нефти трубопроводом.

4. Продукты, прошедшие чистовую обработку занимают большую площадь хранения, чем сырая нефть.

5. Трубопроводы могут быть не практичными и экономически не выгодными, в этом случае водный транспорт незаменим при перевозке топлива.

V. Translate from English into Russian

gas is available within reach of consuming areas, fractions are used as feedstock, clay treatment, plant facilities, irregular arrival of tankers, nonvolatile products, floating roofs, fire hazard, refrigerated tanks, bulk transportation, coastal vessel, network of canals

Unit 10 treatment and purification

I. Read and learn the words

to conform – соответствовать

processing – переработка

to undergo – подвергаться

extant – простираться, тянуться

sweetening – подслащивание, нейтрализация, размещение, удаление сердцевины

elimination – исключение

stripping – отгонка, десорбция

pipeline – трубопровод

to enable – давать возможность

to boost – поднимать, повышать

rate – норма, коэффициент, скорость

to reveal – показывать, открывать

expansion – расширение

to purify – очищать

II. Read and translate the text

Natural gas is not directly usable when it comes from the well. Often it is extremely rich in methane and contains heavy hydrocarbons; in addition, it contains varying proportions of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and other sulfur compounds. The aim of gas processing is to make the gas conform to standards of use and to recover the liquid or solid components, which are often of greater commercial value than the gas itself.

After its arrival at the central plant, the gas must undergo the following series of treatments: 1) expansion at processing pressure, which causes the formation of condensates; these are removed, and the gas is then dehydrated by contact with glycol, which is regenerated; 2) sweetening, which removes the hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide by diethanolamine treatment, and fixes them in an absorber; 3) elimination of the mercaptans by soda fixation; 4) stripping (either by cooling or by absorption in an oil), which extracts the hydrocarbons with longer chains than methane and produces a gas conforming to commercial specifications. The rich absorption oil and the purified condensate are fractionated by distillation to produce propane, butane, stabilized gasoline, and residues. These successive operations are performed continuously and require an extremely sophisticated control system.