- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction
- •Lecture 2
- •1. East Germanic Languages
- •2. North Germanic Languages
- •Icelandic (9th c. A.D.)
- •3. West Germanic Languages
- •Lecture 3 Linguistic Features of the Germanic Languages Phonetic Features
- •Lecture 4 Linguistic Features of the Germanic Languages Grammatical Features
- •Suppletion (inherited from Indo-European) – the usage of 2 or more different roots as forms of one and the same word:
- •Lecture 5 Old English Period in the History of the English Language
- •6. The Romans:
- •Old English Dialects
- •8. Christianity – 597 (6th c.)
- •Lecture 6 Old English Written Records
- •Lecture 7 Middle English Period in the History of the English Language
- •Lecture 8 Middle English Written Records
- •Lecture 9 New English Period in the History of the English Language
- •Introduction of Printing
- •Lecture 10 Phonetic Features of Old English
- •Hardening (the process when a soft consonant becomes harder)– usually initially and after nasals ([m, n])
- •Loss of Consonants:
- •Lecture 11 The Development of Vowel System in Middle English and New English
- •Quantitative:
- •Qualitative:
- •Vocalisation of [r]
- •Lecture 12 The Development of Consonant System in Middle English and New English
- •Lecture 13 Historical Background of Modern English Spelling
- •Lecture 14 Old English Morphology
- •Lecture 15 The Development of the Noun
- •Lecture 16 The Development of the Adjective
- •Lecture 17 The Development of the Pronoun. The Rise of Articles
- •Indefinite Article
- •3Rd person
- •Lecture 18 The Development of the Verb
- •Verbal Categories:
- •Voice, Aspect, Order, Posteriority
- •Infinitive
- •Formation
- •Formation
- •Formation
- •Peculiarities:
- •Formation
- •Lecture 19 The Development of the Syntactic System
- •Lecture 20 Old English Vocabulary
- •Lecture 21 Word-Formation in Old English
- •Lecture 22 Latin Borrowings in Old English Borrowings from Classical Languages (Latin, Greek) during the Renaissance
- •Many of them increased the number synonyms in English:
- •Lecture 23
- •French and Scandinavian Borrowings in English
Qualitative:
The system of vowels in ME were no longer symmetrical as it was in OE
Short Vowels
[y] changed to [i] e.g. OE hyll – ME hill (hill);
[æ] changed to [a] e.g. OE wæs – ME was (was).
As a result:
-
i
e
a
o
u
Long Vowels
[ỹ] changed to [ī];
[ǽ] fell together with [έ];
[ā] changed to [ō] e.g. OE stān – ME sto[o:]ne (stone).
As a result:
-
close
open
ī
ū
ē
ō
έ
ǿ
New Diphthongs
OE diphthongs turned into monophthongs:
OE Diphth. |
ME Sounds |
OE |
ME |
ĭě/īē |
i |
līehtan |
lighten (lighten) |
ĕŏ/ēō |
e |
heorte |
herte (heart) |
ĕă/ēā |
æ |
ēast |
eest (east) |
New diphthongs appeared due to vocalisation of [j], [γ] and [w]. These consonants turned into vowels ([i], [u] and [u] respectively) and became the glides of the new diphthongs:
i-glides |
OE |
ME |
u-glides |
OE |
ME |
[ei] |
weζ[j] |
wey[i] (way) |
[iu] |
- |
- |
[ai] |
mæζ[j] |
may[i] (may) |
[au] |
laζ[γ]u |
law[u]e [‘lauə] (low) |
[oi] (in French loan-words) |
|
boy, toy |
[ou] |
cnāw[w]an |
know[u]en [‘knouən] (know) |
New English
Great Vowel Shift – the change that happened in the 14th – 16th c. and affected all long monophthongs + diphthong [au]. As a result these vowels were:
diphthongized;
narrowed (became more closed);
both diphthongized and narrowed.
ME Sounds |
NE Sounds |
ME |
NE |
[i:] |
[ai] |
time [‘ti:mə] |
time [taim] |
[e:] |
[i:] |
kepen [‘ke:pən] |
keep [ki:p] |
[a:] |
[ei] |
maken [‘ma:kən] |
make [meik] |
[o:] |
[ou] [u:] |
stone [‘sto:nə] moon [mo:n] |
stone [stoun] moon [mu:n] |
[u:] |
[au] |
mous [mu:s] |
mouse [maus] |
[au] |
[o:] |
cause [‘kauzə] |
cause [ko:z] |
This shift was not followed by spelling changes, i.e. it was not reflected in written form. Thus the Great Vowel Shift explains many modern rules of reading.
Short Vowels
ME Sounds |
NE Sounds |
ME |
NE |
[a]
|
[æ]
[o] after [w]!! |
that [at] man [man] was [was] water [‘watə] |
that [ðæt] man [mæn] was [woz] water [‘wotə] |
[u] |
[Λ] |
hut [hut] comen [cumen] |
hut [hΛt] come [cΛm] |
There were exceptions though, e.g. put, pull, etc.