It is twelve years after the world’s worst nuclear disaster

Fifty thousand people used to live in Pripyat, a town built for the Chernobyl nuclear power station workers and their families a mile or so away from the nuclear plant. Following the world's worst nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in April 1986, the town is now so contaminated that it's unlikely anyone will ever live there again.

Pripyat is at the centre of the forbidden zone, a circle, 30 kilometers across, which has been sealed off from the outside world. At the control point on the edge of the zone. special buses take power station workers and visitors to the two reactors which are stilt operating — a third was destroyed by fire in 1991. For the media, it has become a tourist trail S 100 for the coach ride, $25 per person for lunch and a fee for permission to film For the workers, it's a less attractive tour — the average pay is $50 a month and there's a constant threat of exposure to radiation poisoning from the concrete sarcophagus which was built to contain the radioactive debris of what remains of reactor number four.

However, the zone is not as forbidden as it's supposed to be. The fence around it is falling apart in places and there aren't enough police to patrol the area. Although the authorities say they evacuated tens of thousands of people in the hours immediately after the 1986 explosion, the villagers tell a different story. '

The local militia turns a blind eye to the groups of people who have moved back into the zone. They even occasionally .help them by .bringing supplies as well as news of what's going on in the. world. They're far more concerned about outsiders who come to rot the abandoned homes.

Wildlife has greatly increased here, now that the area has been largely abandoned by people. The villagers that remain complain of the wild boar digging up the little land they farm and they tell us there are wolves who come around their homes at night.

The Chernobyl power station supplies 7% of Ukraine's electricity and, without an alternative, politicians keep the reactors operating. (Parliament had promised to close Chernobyl in 1991 but last year changed its mind.)

Enormous sums or money are required to rebuild Ukraine's energy sector.

Ex.3 Discuss the problem “Chernobyl nuclear accident” and “ It is twelve years after the world’s worst nuclear disaster”, make up the dialogue in writing using the texts and your own information

Ex.4 Translate the object and attributive clauses;

1.I know where I left it. 2. They said they knew everything. 3. He was thinking of what he would do. 4. It depends on what you mean. 5. I thought you were asleep. 6. I thought you had left Moscow. 7. I thought he would never come here again. 8. Seeing that the baby was sleepy, mother put it to bed. 9. The boy whose bicycle I took is my friend. 10. The village where he was born has changed very much. 11. There were periods when they did not see him for a week at a time. 12. He looked at the watch that lay on the table. 13. The boy opened the book he held in his hand. 14. The house in which we live is in the centre of the town. 15. He opened the letter she had brought. 16. He is not the man I am looking for.

Ex.5 Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian and form questions to the subordinate clauses:

1. The play that we saw yesterday is not very good. 2. Here is the shop where I bought the book. 3. The teacher says we shall write our test on Monday. 4. My father says that there is an interesting article in today’s newspaper. 5. Many machine-tools which lighten labour have been produced at Ukrainian plants.

Самостійна робота 16

Текст : Infiltration.

Лексико-граматичні основи перекладу та вправи: Переклад емфатичних конструкцій

Ex.1 Read the theoretical material and fulfill some exercises.

Переклад емфатичних конструкцій

Емфатичні конструкції вживаються для виділення того чи іншого члена речення, яке може відбуватися за допомогою інверсії.

Інверсія – зміна звичайного порядку слів в реченні з метою виділення тих чи інших його членів; порушення звичайного порядку слів, обумовлено логічними, стилістичними або ритмічними вимогами.

Існує декілька типів інверсії.

1. На початку речення може стояти друга частина присудка ( Participle I, II), іменник з прийменником або прикметник, потім перша частина форми дієслова be ( is, are ) і, нарешті, підмет. Між другою і першою частинами присудка можуть стояти прямий додаток або обставина.

The fundamental principles of alternating current are presented in this chapter. Included are the basic principles of some alternating current machines.

В цій частині представлені основні принципи ( властивості) змінного струму. Тут же викладені основні принципи дії деяких двигунів змінного струму.

Як видно з прикладу, в другому реченні вжита інверсія, виділений підмет стоїть в кінці речення. Як правило, завдяки інверсії на кінець речення переміщуються слова, які виражають те нове, що ми бажаємо повідомити, а на перше місце ставляться слова, які позначають те , що нам вже відомо ( наприклад, із попереднього речення). Перекладати спочатку треба присудок, потім підмет. Для зв’язку даного речення з попереднім слід додавати слова „ при цьому”, „ тут же” і інші.

2. На початку речення може бути обставина зі словами: only – тільки, never before – ніколи раніше не, no longer – більше не, not until – тільки після, до ( тих пір) поки не.

В цьому випадку інверсію вживають для виділення цих слів і пов’язаного з ними присудка.

Never before has a new class of weapon been attended so much publicity as a guided missile.

Ніколи раніше не один новий вид зброї не притягував такої великої уваги, як керуєма ракета.

В реченнях такого типу перша частина присудка стоїть перед підметом, а друга - після підмета( has a new class of weapon been attended). Якщо присудок простий, тобто складається з одного слова, то перед підметом ставиться допоміжне слово to do ( в особовій формі), а основне дієслово стоїть за підметом.

3. В реченні з інверсією на першому місці може стояти один з сполучників nor, neither, so

Carbon dioxide does not burn, nor does it support combustion.

Двоокис вуглецю не горить і не підтримує горіння.

Сполучник so перекладається словами «також», «аналогічним засобом». Присудок, який стоїть за сполучником so, завжди є неповним, тобто є тільки допоміжним або модальним дієсловом.

Weight and lift are closely associated, so are thrust and drag.

Вага і підйомна сила тісно пов’язані між собою, аналогічним засобом пов’язані між собою тяга і лобовий опір.

Присудок другого речення за змістом виражає те саме, що і в першому реченні (are associated), але воно представлено в скороченому вигляді ( are замість are associated). При перекладі на українську мову присудок першого речення слід повторити повністю

4. На першому місці в реченні може стояти прикметник, за яким слідують сполучники as або though

This new branch of science, young as it is, touches on many important practical applications.

Ця нова галузь науки, хоча вона і виникла недавно, лежить в основі багатьох важливих практичних застосувань.

Такі речення мають допустове значення. Вони перекладаються підрядними реченнями з сполучниками „хоча і”, „ як..ні”, „ яким би ...ні”. які ставляться на початку речення.

Модальне дієслово may , який входить до складу присудка речення допустового характеру, як правило, не перекладається.

Strange though it may seen, these systems have similar tactical duties to perform.

Як це не дивно, ці системи мають подібні тактичні завдання.

LEXICAL - GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex.2 Translate the following sentences with emphatic inversion:

1. It is the program that ensures the execution of all operations assigned to the computer. 2. It is the programmist that is the connecting link between the computer and the problem it has to solve. 3. It was not until the 20^th century that electronic computers were constructed and put into operation. 4. It was 50 years ago, when the first relay machine capable of adding two 23-digit numbers in 0.3 sec was completed.

Ex.3 Change the following sentences using the inversion and translate them into Ukrainian:

Patterns: A. If I were in your place, I should do this work myself.

Were I in your place, I should do this work myself.

B. If he had known the subject better , he wouldn’t have failed in his exam.

Had he known the subject better, he wouldn’t have failed in his exam.

1. If it were necessary to increase the speed of this particular engine, it could be achieved by using a special device. 2. If the road had been better, we should have been here in due time. 3. If the engineer had been informed of the results before, he would have allowed you to repeat the test. 4. If we had used new methods, we should have saved much time. 5. The plan would not have been fulfilled in time if the people had not worked with such energy. 6. If the oil supply had stopped even for a moment, serious damage might have resulted. 7. If the mechanic were there, he would repair the equipment. 8. If the air within the cylinder were motion less, only a small proportion of the fuel would find enough oxygen. 9. If the book on that subject were available in our library, I should be able to make a gooв report. 10. If he had all the necessary materials, he would accomplish his model in time.

Ex.4 Translate the following sentences with the inversion:

1. Discussed in this chapter are some of the general characteristics inherent to semiconductors. 2. Included in this section is a description of a typical airborne liquid oxygen system. 3. Shown on the photo is the equipment available at many airports to start piston-engined aircraft. 4. Described in this book are the rockets space-probing craft including the sputniks.5. Associated witheach electron is a wave, which is propagated in the direction of the motion of the electron.

Ex.5 Read the text, write down the unknown words.