15.5. To See a Speaker

Body language of a speaker helps to correctly and quickly point out the units of translation apart from the speech context. Therefore it is better to choose the place, which provides good visibility. Situation, in which the given activity is taking place (conference, meeting, talks, etc.), is taken into account as well. This implies understanding the matter through preliminary study of the topic, issues related with it, talking with organizers, participants of the meeting, etc. Interpretation is sometimes compared with improvisation on a specified topic – but this improvisation is well prepared, “rehearsed”.

15.6. Automatism of Synthesis

Automatism of synthesis means that the choice of lexical-grammatical units of the target language is made within a minimum period on the basis of previous language units (context). Automatism of synthesis is not only knowing equivalents of the translation units, but the skill to quickly find a close (approximate) adequacy, correspondence, i.e. analogous unit. The last is especially important in translating into foreign language: one should be able to quickly replace a Ukrainian word or grammatical structure, that cannot be translated, by another Ukrainian word and structure (synonymy), preserving their main meaning and that can be translated directly.

15.7. Complicated is Simpler

The ability to replace the word (grammatical construction) by synonymic elements, conveying their meaning in a simpler or descriptive way, is necessary in the process of interpretation, because when coming across the translation unit, which equivalent is unknown or escaped from memory), without finishing a statement, the interpreter (especially a beginner) stops, comes back to the beginning of the sentence, compares it with the text comprehended and then tries to find the way out of the situation. This painful search for the equivalent result in the loss of time and meaningless disjointed mumble.

If the analysis was carried out at a proper level and the interpreter learned the rules of transforming the complicated in the simpler but synonymous, then the text portion will be interpreted smoothly without visible effort and fluently.

15.8. Interpretation Typology

Interpretation may be divided into two groups, unequal in meaning and importance: training interpretation (учбовий переклад) and real interpretation (реальний переклад). Below there is a classification of the aspects of interpretation activity in the sphere of oral translation

1. Training interpretation	II. Real consecutive interpretation
classroom	real life
↓	↓	↓
classes	everyday (raw)	professional
seminars
practice independent work ↓	Types of professional two-way and monologue interpretation by method of communication:
Simultaneous interpretation	Main/basic types
with full equipment	combined types
with “whisperer” (з „шепталом“)
without equipment (half-synchronic)	auxiliary types
↓	↓

Types of training interpretation and real type of interpretation by the result of communication

• communicative (at the level of understanding) (c.f. everyday);

• idiomatic (at the level of unity and harmonious combination of form and content with adequacy more than 85%).

Explanation of the diagram:

1) Sphere of everyday interpretation: non-formal communication on everyday basis or in non-formal circumstances; way of interpretation: paragraph-phrase interpretation (абзацно-фразовий переклад), interpretation from the sheet (at sight – переклад з листа).

2) Sphere of professional interpretation: formal-official situations of two-way communication (summit talks, dialogues, meetings, etc.), formal situations of monologue speech (speeches, performances, statements, lectures, seminars, briefings, etc.) at the level of responsibility;

Ways of interpretation:

a) main ways – paragraph-phrase interpretation, two-way without making notes, two-way with making notes, half-synchronous and their variants depending on the communicational situation;

b) combined ways- interpretation from the sheet, cinema/video/TV-interpretation (cinema-video interpretation);

c) auxiliary ways – (summarization, translation of slides, lantern-slides, tables and diagrams, computer translation).

General types of training and real interpretation by the result: communicative (sufficient for understanding), idiomatic (adequate in form and style of presentation).