- •Глава 1topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Глава 2topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Глава 3topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Глава 4Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •American English Idioms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Глава 5topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Глава 6topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Глава 7topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during Глава 8interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian interpretation on sight of the following trext: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Глава 9topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during Глава 8interpretation process
The qualities of a good translator are not few.
Martin Luther
15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
The process of interpretation as a speech communication consists of two stages, following directly each other – analysis (comprehension) and synthesis (speaking), which proceed in quick succession, which implies automatic performance. In analysis automatism means that every translation unit (some set of lexical-grammatical meanings, necessary and sufficient for finding their equivalents in the target language is recognized and extracted at the earliest possible time on the basis of the preceding units, i.e. context.
15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
While interpreting there is no possibility to draw away from the context. One must learn the skill of extracting meaningful units which must be translated, i.e. analyzing the text even when some of its portion was not understood or was comprehended with distortions, especially when translating from foreign language. The point is that every message is always overlaid by noise, different types of disturbances and interferences, which make message comprehension difficult. Not always these noises can be eliminated fully, especially when we use sound-transmitting equipment. Often the interpretation proceeds in circumstances not adapted for high quality communication (place with bad acoustics, – boom, buzz, unauthorized, secondary talks, lots of people present, industrial or agricultural enterprise, construction site, military object, transport, etc.).
It goes without saying that a prerequisite to the satisfactory interpretation of the speech is that it should be understood as fully and accurately as possible. This implies that the interpreter should:
1) hear it well;
2) have an intimate knowledge of the language in which it was given;
3) be acquainted with the specific culture of the country of the speaker;
4) be aware of the linguistic peculiarities of that country in connection with pronunciation, terminology, etc.;
5) be well versed in the subject matter;
6) have the advantage of a wide general education.
15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
The notion of “noise” includes not only physical but linguistic factors as well: incorrectly pronounced speech units, the words unknown to the interpreter (abbreviations, terms, proper names, etc.), polysemantic words (ambiguous), complicated grammatical constructions, different speech fails or errors, etc.
15.4. Guess and Intuition
All these noises the interpreter can overcome completely, differentiating correctly the meaningful unit which is to be interpreted, taking the previous context into account. “Guess” (ability to establish the probability of speech unit appearance) is a necessary precondition of the analysis in interpretation. This skill is developed on the basis of training, practice, general erudition, linguistic efficiency and the efficiency in regional geography, as well as the result of substantial mastering typical (stereotyped) word combinations, syntagmatic connections, grammatical and intonation devices for sentence cohesion. Regular exercises with using technical appliances (TV, video, recordings) promote this ability as well as regular reading and analysis of different texts in native and foreign languages.