Outstanding Scientists of the World

The world knows the names of many great scientists: mathematicians, physicists, chemists, biologists, linguists, historians, etc. A lot of discoveries have been made by them in different fields of science and engineering. But the greatest event of the 20th century was the flight of Man into space.

Special merit here belongs to Russian scientists. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is one of them. K. Tsiolkovsky was born in 1879 in a small Russian village near Ryazan. Through all his life he had been working on the problem of interplanetary travel. He worked out the theory of cosmic flights. K. Tsiolkovsky believed that "mankind will not remain on Earth forever", and he dreamt to see that. But he died in 1935.

The man who was standing behind Russian space strategy from the 1930s was Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. An outstanding scientist, he devoted all his life to rocket research, constructing artificial satellites.

The first artificial sputnik was launched on October 4, 1957. The Russians have every right to be proud of it.

Some years later the most remarkable event in the history of cosmonautics took place. On April 12,1961 the spaceship "Vostok", piloted by Yuri Gagarin, went up. It is due to Korolev's genius and some other top engineers' talent that Russia became the world leader in conquering space.

Yuri Gagarin was the first man who made his historic flight into space. The whole world applauded this handsome young man. He orbited the earth once, staying in space for only 108 minutes, but he was the first to fly to stars. Mankind will always remember him. In commemoration of Gagarin's flight April 12th has been made the International Day of Cosmonautics.

With Gagarin's flight to cosmos Tsiolkovsky's "Utopian" dreams came true. A new age of space exploration began.

Слова и выражения

discovery – открытие; engineering – техника; space - пространство, космос; merit - заслуга, достоинство; interplanetary-межпланетный; mankind – человечество; forever – навсегда; strategy – стратегия; research – исследования; artificial – искусственный; satellite – спутник; to launch – запускать; remarkable – заметный;

cosmonautics – космонавтика;

to pilot - вести, управлять;

due to – благодаря;

to conquer – завоевывать;

to orbit - летать по орбите;

commemoration- - ознаменование;

Utopian – утопический;

exploration - исследование, освоение.

Conference

Preparatory Work

1. A good report, requires a lot of preparatory work. Some specialists distinguish the procedures enumerated below.

Read all of them and:

a) determine four of them which you find to be the most important;

b) arrange all of them in the proper order; c)divide all of them into three groups:

Planning stage.

Script stage.

Rehearsal stage.

1 Recording the presentation on audio tape.

2) Recording the presentation on videotape to control body language.

3) Planning the presentation (aim, time, place, length, form).

4) Writing the presentation out in full.

5) Producing a plan.

6) Writing down all your ideas.

7) Choosing the best demonstration materials (documents, pictures, photos, slides, diagrams, tables, graphs, charts, objects, models, etc.) and handouts.

8) Producing demonstration materials and handouts.

9) Reading the script.

10) Producing cards with the notes of the presentation.

11) Using a marker to underline the most important ideas and facts.

12) Transferring the most important things into cards.

13) Timing the presentation to fit the available time.

14) Rehearsing the whole presentation from the cards.

15) Reducing the script if necessary.

16) Arranging the cards.

2. The planning stage is really important. At this stage you should provide answers to the seven basic questions why? to whom? what? where? when? how long? how? Say what is meant by these questions matching the questions on the left with the information you need to answer them on the right.

why? a) What the. audience knows about the subject, their tatus,

to whom? age, culture, specific interests - the information you present should

what? tailor their needs;

where? b) the aims of your report, those evident and hidden;

when? c) the subject matter of the report;

how long? d) the olace where the report will be delivered (a large conference);

how? hall, a small meeting room, with the help of a microphone;

5. the time (the first report, the last one, after or before the break, in the evening, etc.);

6. the length of the report is determined by many factors, but generally try to make your talk reasonably short;

7. the format, or form of the report including the use of demonstration materials and handouts.

3. The next stage is the so-called script stage when you are writing the text of your report. To some extent it is possible to speak about the typical structure of any report and because of that of the typical language used. As far as the structure is concerned, usually we can find three main parts in reports; introduction, main body, conclusion. As for the main body of the report, specialists as a rule do not have any difficulty in presenting the problem they are working at. But it is not so easy to frame it following some universal rules and language. Now you will get acquainted with the main rules which will help you to be a success, a) First of all we shall deal with the main sections of the introduction given below and their functions.