- •Module I the speech organs english consonant phonemes
- •The Speech Organs (Articulators) and Their Functions The Production of Speech Sounds
- •2. The Classification of English Consonant Phonemes
- •3. Occlusive Noise Plosive Consonants [p, b, t, d, k, g]
- •4. Occlusive Affricative Consonants [c, g]
- •5. Occlusive Nasal Sonorants [m, n, n]
- •6. Consonants in Contact
- •Some specific ways of sound joining
- •The Clear and Dark [l]
- •1. Exercise 1, p. 7-8.
- •2. Exercise 1, p. 9.
- •2. Exercise 2, p. 10.
- •6. Exercise 1, p. 16.
- •6. Exercise 3, p. 16-17.
- •List of Phonetic Symbols
- •Phonetic Terminology
6. Exercise 3, p. 16-17.
1) blackmail, meet me, pardon, apartment;
2) good luck, article, glass, bicycle;
3) victory, a cold day, lecture, football;
4) sparrow, screen, stone;
5) luck, blackmail, law, glass, lime, lecture;
6) blackmail, belt, cold, article, kill, football, bicycle;
7) behave, beforehand.
APPENDIX 1
List of Phonetic Symbols
Consonants |
Vowels |
p pull [pVl], cup [kAp] |
i: seat [si:t], feel [fi:l] |
b bull [bVl], rob [rPb] |
I sit [sIt], in [In] |
t take [teIk], set [set] |
e set [set], any [′eni] |
d day [deI], red [red] |
x sat [sxt], match [mxC] |
k case [keIs], take [teIk] |
R march [mRC], after ['Rftq] |
g go [gqV ], rug [rAg] |
P pot [pPt], gone [gPn] |
C cheap [Ci:p], catch [kxC] |
L port [pLt], law [lL] |
G jail [GeIl], bridge [brIG] |
V good [gVd], could [kVd] |
f ferry ['feri], life [laIf] |
u: food [fu:d], group [gru:p] |
v very ['′veri], live [laIv] |
A much [mAC], front [frAnt] |
T think [TINk], bath [bRT] |
E: turn [tE:n], word [wE:d] |
D then [Den], with [wID] |
q away [q'weI], collect [kq'lekt] |
s sing [sIN], rice [raIs] |
i happy ['hxpi], glorious ['glLriqs] |
z zoo [zu:], days [deIz] |
u influence ['Influqns], annual ['xnjuql] |
∫ show [∫qV], wish [wI∫] |
eI take [teIk], wait [weIt] |
Z pleasure ['pleZq],occasion [q'keIZn] |
eq air [eq], square [skweq] |
h house [haVs] |
Iq hear [hIq ], deer [dIq] |
m my [maI], come [kAm] |
aI mine [maIn], light [laIt] |
n no [nqV], on [Pn] |
aV house [haVs], now [naV] |
N sing [sIN], finger ['fINgq] |
qV no [nqV], open ['qVpn] |
l love [lAv], hole [hqVl] |
Vq tour [tVq], jury ['GVqri] |
r round [raVnd], carry [kxri] |
OI oil [OIl], boil [bOIl] |
w well [wel] |
|
j young [jAN] |
|
APPENDIX 2
List of Strong and Weak Forms
|
Strong Forms |
Weak Forms |
|
Articles |
|
|
|
the |
Di: |
Dq before consonants the door Dq 'dL Di before vowels the air Di 'eq |
|
a, an |
eI before consonants;
xn before vowels |
q before consonants a book q 'bVk qn before vowels an apple qn 'xpl |
|
Prepositions |
|
|
|
at at |
xt |
qt at lunch qt 'lAnC |
|
for |
fL |
fq before consonants for fun fq 'fAn fqr before vowels for asking fqr 'RskIN |
|
from |
frPm |
frqm from work frqm 'wE:k |
|
of |
Pv |
qv most of all 'mqVst qv 'Ll |
|
into |
Intu: |
Intu before vowels into a room Intu q 'ru:m Intq before consonants into the room Intq Dq 'ru:m |
|
to |
tu: |
tu before vowels to eat tu 'i:t tq before consonants to stop tq 'stPp |
|
Auxiliary and Modal Verbs |
|
|
|
can, could |
kxn, kVd |
kqn can wait kqn 'weIt kqd could wait kqd 'weIt |
|
must |
mAst |
mqst before vowels must eat mqst 'I:t mqs before consonants must try mqs 'traI |
|
will, would |
wIl, wVd |
l in contractions he’ll come hi l 'kAm wqd he would come hi wqd 'kAm |
|
shall, should |
∫xl, ∫Vd |
∫ql or ∫l we shall go wi ∫l 'gqV ∫qd we should go wi∫qd 'gqV |
|
do, does |
du:, dAz |
du before vowels why do all like it? 'waI du 'Ll 'laIk It dq before consonants why do they like it? 'waI dq DeI 'laIk It dqz when does it come? 'wen dqz It 'kAm |
|
have, has, had |
hxv, hxz, hxd |
hqv, hqz, hqd in initial positions has he come? hqz (h)i 'kAm qv, qz, qd which have you seen? 'wIC qv ju 'si:n |
|
be, been |
bi:, bi:n |
bi it’ll be fine Itl bi 'faIn bIn I’ve been at home aIv bIn qt 'hqVm |
|
am, are, is, was, were |
xm, R , Iz, wPz , wE: |
qm why am I here? 'waI qm aI 'hIq q before consonants you are right ju q 'raIt qr before vowels you are in here ju qr In 'hIq z or s in contractions it’s good Its 'gVd he’s right hi z ′raIt wqz he was here hi wqz 'hIq wq before consonants they were good DeI wq 'gVd wqr before vowels they were easy DeI wqr 'i:zi |
|
Conjunctions |
|
|
|
and |
xnd |
qnd, qn or n after t, d, s, z, ∫ come and see 'kAm qn 'si: fish and chips 'fI∫ n 'CIps |
|
but |
bAt |
bqt it’s good but expensive Its 'gVd bqt Ik'spensIv |
|
than |
Dxn |
Dqn better than ever 'betq Dqn 'evq |
|
as |
xz |
qz as much as possible qz 'mAC qz 'pPsqbl |
|
that |
Dxt |
Dqt say that she’s right 'seI Dqt ∫iz 'raIt |
|
Pronouns |
|
|
|
you, your |
ju:, jL |
ju you like it ju 'laIk It jq before consonants your time jq 'taIm jqr before vowels your own jqr 'qVn |
|
he, his, him |
hi:, hIz, hIm |
hi in initial position i he was late, wasn’t he? hi wqz 'leIt 'wPznt i hIz, Iz his name hIz 'neIm take his name 'teIk (h) Iz 'neIm Im I’ve seen him aIv 'si:n Im |
|
she, her |
∫i:, hE: |
∫i why did she do it? 'waI dId ∫i 'du: It hq, q before consonants I’ve met her aIv 'met (h)q hqr, qr before vowels take her out 'teIk (h)qr 'aVt |
|
we, us |
wi:, As |
wi we need it wi 'ni:d It qs all of us 'Ll qv qs |
|
me |
mi: |
mi come to me 'kAm tq mi |
|
them |
Dem |
Dqm eat them 'i:t Dqm |
|
some (unspecified quantity) |
sAm |
sqm some more tea sqm 'mL 'ti: |
|
that (relative pronoun) |
Dxt |
Dqt the one that I chose Dq 'wAn Dqt aI 'CqVz |
|
there (existential pronoun) |
Deq |
Dq before consonants there’s Dqz Dqr before vowels there is Dqr 'Iz |
|
who |
hu: |
hu those who live here 'DqVz hu 'lIv hIq |
APPENDIX 3