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- •1. International trade: Export and import.
- •2. International trade: investments.
- •3. Visible and invisible trade.
- •4. A nation’s balance of payments.
- •5. Documents needed in international trade and incoterms.
- •6. Trade restrictions: tariffs, subsidies, quotas and cartels, How trade restrictions affect international trade.
- •7. The world trade organization. European financial sector.
- •8. Forex.
- •9. Countertrade
- •10. Types of businesses.
- •12. Auditing the accounts of a limited company.
- •13. The work in the Account Department. Debtors.
- •14. Insurance for a private company.
- •15. Types of securities.
- •16. Mergers, takeovers & acquisitions
- •17. Advantages and disadvantages of small businesses.
- •18. Advantages and disadvantages of corporations.
- •19. New product development.
- •20. Decisions about the gearing the company.
20. Decisions about the gearing the company.
When a company is said to be "high geared", the level of borrowing is higher then to its ordinary share capital. Main source of funds for high-gearing are long-term loans from banks and pension funds.
Advantages: secured over fixed assets, better return on net profits in prosperous times.
Disadvantages: high interest payments in difficult times.
A lowly-geared company has borrowings which are relatively low.
Main source of funds of low- gearing are: owners capital, venture capital, unlisted securities market and stock exchange.
Advantages: low gearing claim on all profits, does not interfere in company, outside investors? No loss of control.
Disadvantages: low gearing demand very high rate and it is most exposed.
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