10.The United Nations Organization
The United Nations Organization is central to global efforts to solve problems which challenge humanity. Cooperating in this effort are more than 30 affiliated organizations, known together as the UN system.
The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the UN: membership now totals 191 countries.
When States become Members of the United Nations, they agree to accept the obligations of the UN Charter.-to maintain international peace and security,- to develop friendly relations among nations, - to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights,- to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
The United Nations has six main organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located in the Hague, the Netherlands.
I wish to pay attention to the International court. (Международный суд)
The International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice, also known as the World Court, is the main judicial organ of the UN. Consisting of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, the Court decides disputes between countries.
ООН в Белоруссии
First I wish to tell about foundation of United Nations in Belarus.
With opening on September, 8th, 1992 Representations of the United Nations in Byelorussia, the System of the United Nations Organization has begun the work on rendering independent Belarus the help in the decision of problems facing it{her} and realization of the opportunities which have appeared after finding of independence. Sinse then Belarus a lot of representations of other establishment and the organizations of system of the UNICEF.
In more detail I shall tell about the organization of UNICEF. The population of Belarus continues to fall due to increasing death rates and decreasing birth rates. The number of children has declined by 25 per cent since 1990. Belarus continues to suffer from the aftermath of the 1986 nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl, which affected nearly a quarter of the country’s land mass.
Issues facing children in Belarus
- Belarus spends about 1.1 per cent of GDP on social services related to the Chernobyl accident. Approximately 13 per cent of the nation’s children live in areas still affected by the disaster.
Anaemia is common among children and pregnant women.
The spread of HIV/AIDS is a major concern.
Alcohol abuse is widespread.
Parental neglect, child abuse and violence toward women and children present additional problems.
Nearly a quarter of all children delivered in 2003 were born out of wedlock.
Activities and results for children
More than a third of births now occur in designated ‘baby-friendly’ hospitals; an additional 27 per cent of babies are born in ‘baby-friendly’ clinics.
Pre-school enrolment increased from 69 to 82 per cent between 2002 and 2004. Net primary school enrolment and attendance stands at 90 per cent.
The rate of new HIV infections among teens is falling. It is estimated that HIV/AIDS education and prevention efforts by UNICEF and its partners have prevented an estimated 300 to 500 new cases annually.
More than half of all schools now offer life-skills education, which includes vital information on HIV/AIDS prevention and encourages healthy lifestyle choices. In Minsk, youth-friendly services are available to provide HIV testing and medical counselling for 30 per cent of the city’s young people.
The number of children living in institutions continues to decrease. Alternatives to institutionalization now provide care for more than 55 per cent of all orphaned children.