31.Assess the role of governments in relation to environment and development.

Environment protection and economic development are both very important for human beings. But some times there are conflicts between them.Governments are the most important part to balance enviroment and development,because the private market mearly impossible provide any incentives to stop pollution. Governments plays a leading role in environmental protection and sustainable development, they have irreplaceable advantage compared to market. Therefore, to overcome the weakness and negative aspects of the market, governments must play a “visible hand ” of the role in achieving macro-control.They can make domestic policies to regulate the relation of environment and development, or they can cooperate with other governments to achieve the global sustainable development.

1. Fiscal policy and tax policy. Governments can use fiscal policy and tax policy to guide the actions of enterprises. For example , they can give some preference to the enterprises which develop production technique to reduce pollution, or they can make high tax for the industries with high pollution, so some enterprises maybe exit from this kind of industry to anther.

2. Laws. Governments can make laws to prohibit or limit the pollution.

3. Publicity and education. Governments can do Public service advertising and educate the citizens to kown how important the sustainable development and to protect the environment.

4. International cooperation. There are some international environmental organizations and institutes :intergovernment panel on climate change (IPCC),united natioans environment programme (UNEP), earth system governance project,International Environmental Protection Organization Association(IEPOA) and so on.

In WTO, Sustainable development and protection and preservation of the environment are fundamental goals. They are enshrined in the Marrakesh Agreement, which established the WTO, and complement the WTO’s objective to reduce trade barriers and eliminate discriminatory treatment in international trade relations. While there is no specific agreement dealing with the environment, under WTO rules members can adopt trade-related measures aimed at protecting the environment provided a number of conditions to avoid the misuse of such measures for protectionist ends are fulfilled.The WTO contributes to protection and preservation of the environment through its objective of trade openness, through its rules and enforcement mechanism, through work in different WTO bodies, and through ongoing efforts under the Doha Development Agenda. The Doha Agenda includes specific negotiations on trade and environment and some tasks assigned to the regular Trade and Environment Committee.

32. Explain the relationship between economy and environment.

The economic activity is based on the necessity of human development. The period change of human social economy development will inevitable cause corresponding huge change of environment, which embodies the change of the relationship between economy and environment. In the fight for the realization of economic and social sustainable development, the relationship between economic and environmental issues is clearly on the table. Economic development and environmental protection are not the conflicting sides. We know that the good economic situation should be built on the basis of the ecological sustainability, and also the environment industry may become a new economic growth point. The emerging knowledge economy and environment are closely related, as well as the recycling economy. Economic development is important, but environmental protection can not be ignored.

Agricultural pollution is mainly caused by the chemical fertilizers, pesticides as well as the pollution caused by industrial pollution and other factors. The decline in the quality of cultivated land includes the land salinization, soil fertility decline and land desertification, which will also have a direct impact on the city's climate, population and economic development. Industrial pollution is the main factor of environmental pollution in nearly two centuries. To this extent that the deterioration of environment human can feel, then they know that in the pursuit of rapid economic development, at the same time, we need a better living environment. Therefore, it is abnormal to damage the ecological environment in exchange for economic benefits, to the lack of green in exchange for economic prosperity in economic and social development. The right way to develop the economy is to achieve the unification of economic and ecological benefits.

In the context of knowledge economy, environmental technology with biotechnology and communications technology develop side by side has become one of the most promising of the three major technical. Environmental industry as a new category of the economy might become a new growth point of the national economy. Recalling of the early 1980s, the problem of acid rain caused widespread concern in Europe. Germany enacted stringent environmental laws and regulations to urge the development and utilization of desulfurization technology quickly. To promote a large number of flue gas desulphurization technology, so that desulfurization equipment with a total investment of 14,300,000,000 marks in five years from 1983 to 1988. The move not only solved the problem of environmental protection, but also led to the development of environmental industries, and promoted the whole economic development to a new level. Environmental industries offer the provision of environmental equipment and services. More than the industry environment to reduce the losses caused by pollution, but also promoted economic system to upgrade technology. Japanese name the environmental protection as the “springboard” of the technological upgrading, and also believe that Japan should be founded on the environment in the 21st century. Recycling economy the new concept has a relationship that cannot be divided with the environmental industries. The so-called circular economy is to change the material single way of the traditional economy — “resources - products - pollution discharges, establish the material flow of the economic cycle —“resources - products - renewable resources”.

Acceding to the WTO, choosing the export-oriented economic development, no matter the introduction of the project, or in the area of investment, the country should give priority to environmental protection requirements. In the fight for greater trade liberalization, at the same time, it has to prevent environmental degradation. It is not only necessary to actively promote trade and economic development, but also to safeguard the interests of national resources and the environment. To join the WTO, it is necessary to understand constraints effect between economy and environment. And it is also important to take into account the problem of dispute settlements, sinсe there could be some cases when countries tried to hide their protectionism intentions in the shadow of environment protection issues.