- •Describe the nature and main instruments of trade policy.
- •2. Describe main institutes of international trade system. How do these institutes correspond with each other?
- •What is the role of different institutes in the development of international trading system?
- •Discuss societal concerns with respect to agricultural production. How could trade policy deal with these concerns?
- •5. Discuss societal concerns of the development of Chinese (or any other country of your choice) economy. How does chosen countries’ trade policy respond to these concerns?
- •International:
- •6. What are the accession rules in the wto. Analyse main difficulties of the accession process.
- •7. What is the dispute settlement mechanism in the wto. Discuss pluses and minuses of such mechanism.
- •Wto as an international economic organisation: the institution, structure, objectives, main functions, key principles in decision-making process.
- •Compare the wto and the gatt.
- •10. Define key principles of trade in goods.
- •11. Define key exemptions from non-discrimination principles with regard to trade in goods.
- •12. Rules of origin in the wto
- •13. Standards and technical barriers to trade: nature, key definitions. Wto agreement on standards and technical barriers: main features.
- •14. Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures: purpose, examples. Wto agreement on Sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures: main features.
- •15. Trade remedies: Safeguards
- •16. Trade remedies: Anti-dumping
- •17. Trade remedies: Subsidy/Countervail
- •18. Key issues of international trade in services. Leading exporters and importers of services. Importance of services for national economies.
- •Importance of services for national economies.
- •19. General Agreement on Trade in Services: key features.
- •Ipr protection – two polar views:
- •IpRs in open economies
- •21. Discuss pluses and minuses of stronger ipRs protection. Pharmaceutical debate
- •Ipr protection – two polar views:
- •IpRs in open economies
- •22. Discuss the role of wipo in setting international standards of ipRs protection.
- •23.Wto agreementon intellectual property rights protection.
- •Industrial designs
- •Integrated circuits layout designs
- •24.Trade in Agriculture: approach to the regulation. Importance of agriculture for the economic development. Key exporters and importers of agriculture products.
- •Importance of agriculture for the economic development:
- •25 Agriculture: market access
- •26Domestic support
- •27 Export subsidies
- •28. Discuss the nature of International investment agreements (iiAs) and the main types of iiAs
- •1. Bilateral investment treaties
- •2. Preferential Trade and Investment Agreements
- •3. International Taxation Agreements
- •29. Describe the evolution of and recent trends in International investment agreements.
- •30. Discuss the nature of international investment disputes.
- •31.Assess the role of governments in relation to environment and development.
- •32. Explain the relationship between economy and environment.
- •What is the current stage of dda nama negotiations? Analyse key issues and main problems of negotiations.
Describe the nature and main instruments of trade policy.
Economic theories and economic reality provide a critical intellectual foundation — trade takes place as a result of comparative (not absolute) advantage; it is complicated by politics and the urge to practice doityourself economics — economists may disagree about normative conclusions, but tend to be of one view on positive economics; the benefits of international trade, based on international specialization and the division of labour, is one of the most widely held of positive economic ideas. A liberal trade policy can thus have an important impact on aggregate economic welfare (globally and nationally), but the uneven distributive effects can make it difficult to sell to the general public, and thus to political decisionmakers.
Discrimination is the basis of choice, that is, choosing one thing over another thing for whatever reason. Most trade policy involves decisions to discriminate: to discriminate between goods or groups domestically or between services suppliers from different countries.
Trade policy involves
values,
preferences,
priorities, and
an institutional setting and social context
that can vary from country to country.
Social context, in particular, can have an important bearing on how national values, preferences and priorities are pursued.
Trade policy is designed to meet a country's commercial interest. An increasing reality for trade officials is the need to respond to broader societal interests. Legal Norms and Ideas are critical to putting trade policy into practice. They involve the implementation of rules and the practice of diplomacy.
Trade policy
applies to the international movement of goods, services, capital, technology and people.
provides the framework for the conduct of trade promotion and trade relations.
The practice of trade policy involves a combination of analysis, consultation, negotiation, implementation, and diplomacy.
In the final analysis, trade policy involves the pragmatic search for solutions to problems in an effort to provide stability and predictability in government policy and trade and investment circumstances.
Institutional context
Government policy professionals operate within an institutional setting that influences,
constrains, and conditions how they address and resolve issues that cross their desk
Canada, for example, is a constitutional monarchy, a parliamentary democracy, and a federal state. Each of these aspects of the Canadian state create institutions in both the broad and narrow senses of the word. By way of contrast, the United States is a republic, a presidential congressional democracy, and a federal state. The EU is an intergovernmental union of 27 states with a complex mix of supranational and intergovernmental institutions governing their common policies. Most of the Caribbean countries are parliamentary democracies, but operating on a much smaller scale than is the case in the UK or Canada, creating its own constraints and conditioning circumstances.